ALT Schematic diagram showing examples of punctuated change across biological change. In the centre, four different empirical patterns of punctuated change (ecological dynamics, a fitness landscape, phenotypic space and genotype space, from top to bottom) with graph showing example data linked to each one: (top right) evolution of ecosystem organization in different modules during the Miocene; (top left) fitness change in a virus; (bottom left) evolution of E. coli cell size; (bottom right) clonal evolution in cancer cells.