Luke Copland

ALT Figure 1. (a) Frontal ablation of all marine-terminating glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere for 2010-2020. Each point shows the location of one glacier. Glaciers with frontal ablation rates <1 Gt a−1 are shown in blue, with larger contributions shown as yellow to red. The size of each circle corresponds to the total frontal ablation. (b) Frontal ablation intensity index along the coastline of each region. We define the frontal ablation intensity index as the sum of frontal ablation from all glaciers within 80 km (Greenland) and 50 km (everywhere else) of a given location. This highlights parts of the ocean that receive the most frontal ablation. Data from Kochtitzky and others (2022, In Review).

ALT Fig. 1. Projected accumulated frontal ablation for the Northern Hemisphere and different RGI regions for the remainder of the 21st century. Dashed lines exclude the amount of volume loss below the water level that has to be replaced by fresh water and thus does not contribute to GMSLR (ρfw is the density of fresh water: 1000 kg m−3). N is the number of GCMs used for the respective emission scenario. The 1 − σ std dev. of the GCM ensemble for scenarios SSP1 2.6 and SSP5 8.5 is displayed as shading. The right y-axes display gigatons (Gt) converted to mm SLE. Note the different scales for each region.

ALT Fig. 11. Thickness in excess of flotation for the terminus region of Iceberg Glacier in: (a) 1977 and (b) 2016 quantified by comparing the ratio of ice thickness to water depth (Eqn 3). Ice thickness and water depth was derived from 3D tomography radio-echo sounding data (https://data.cresis.ku.edu/) collected by NASA Operation IceBridge on 25 March 2014 along with an (a) KH-9 DEM and (b) ArcticDEM tile. Base images: (a) KH-9, 13 July 1977 and (b) Landsat 8, 29 July 2016.