India built 3 major surveillance systems to monitor phone calls, texts, and internet traffic Central Monitoring System, NETRA, and NATGRID all work by tapping into telecom companies and internet providers But LoRa devices found in Budgam on September 29 do not use phone networks at all. They send messages using radio waves on frequencies that regular monitoring does not cover. Messages are protected by AES-256 encryption, same type banks use to secure online transactions. India tracking systems can only watch what goes through phone towers One LoRa radio device costs less than $30 to make. It uses Semtech SX1276 chip and ESP32 processor, both available for purchase online by anyone. Single small battery keeps it running for weeks without charging. Software called Meshtastic that runs on these devices is free and open source on GitHub. 100 of these devices working together as one network costs less than $3,000. Before LoRa, terror groups relied on Thuraya satellite phones costing over $500 each, and every single call from those phones could be tracked by security agencies LoRa chips are used in everyday products worldwide. Smart water meters, farm soil sensors, parking systems, and warehouse trackers all run on same Semtech SX1276 chip found in Kashmir. India itself uses LoRa for smart city projects like street lighting and flood monitoring. Banning LoRa imports would shut down these programs too. Devices recovered during Operation Mahadev in Dachigam and Pahalgam forests look just like regular commercial hardware. Only way to tell if one is being used for covert communication is to detect it while it is actively transmitting This is Going to need more R&D in india defence surveillance ecosystem