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🔥 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) ⚠️ GERD = symptomatic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus ➤ Most commonly due to transient LES relaxation ➤ Contributing factors: incompetent LES, gastroparesis, hiatal hernia Visit our website: 🔗 mediconotes.com

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❤️ Heart Failure (HF) 1️⃣ Types 🔹 HFrEF (Reduced EF <40%) → Systolic dysfunction → Dilated ventricles 🔹 HFpEF (Preserved EF ≥50%) → Diastolic dysfunction → Stiff ventricles Visit our website to get CARDIOLOGY Book at: mediconotes.com

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Approach to COMA Decreased Consciousness, Nonresponsive → Coma exam → GCS & CNs exam ⸻ 🔍 Step 1: Assess for Cause ⚠️ Rule out systemic causes of AMS → Refer to AMS (Altered Mental Status) protocols ⸻ 1️⃣ If Preceded by Trauma → Do Non-contrast Head CT 🔴 Epidural Hematoma: •Biconvex/lens-shaped mass •Tx: Neurosurgical decompression 🟠 Subdural Hematoma: •Concave/crescent-shaped mass •Focal neurologic symptoms or worsening •Tx: Serial imaging → Neurosurgical if mass effect ⸻ 2️⃣ If Focal Neurological Signs → Non-contrast Head CT 🔵 Intracerebral Hemorrhage: •Intraparenchymal blood •Reverse coagulopathy, manage BP, antipyretics •Monitor for ↑ ICP (Cushing’s triad) •Tx: Neurosurgical or medical ICP management 🟣 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: •Subarachnoid blood •Lumbar puncture → Xanthochromic CSF •Tx: Treat secondary headache, ICP control ⸻ 3️⃣ If Vertical Eye Movements Are Spared → Non-contrast Head CT → CTA/MRA •🔹 Basilar Artery Stroke •Tx: Secure airway, manage as stroke ⸻ 4️⃣ If CSF Abnormality (↑ WBC, Protein, ↓ Glucose) → Consider Meningitis → Perform CTV/MRV if venous involvement suspected •🟤 Venous Sinus Thrombosis: •Tx: Anticoagulation ⸻ 🔗 Visit our website for more high-yield medical notes: mediconotes.com ⸻ #MedicalEducation #MedEd #MedicalEducation #DoctorsOfInstagram #MedicalStudents #FutureDoctor #Medicine #MedLife #Healthcare #MedicalSchool #USMLE #PLAB #MRCP #MedExam #medicalstudent #medschool #medicaleducation #mnemonics #medmnemonics #futuremed #medicine #mediconotes #doctors #usmlepreparation #usmlepre