ALT Phylogenetic tree of Cas12i effector and model of the CasY7 system.

ALT Diagram comparing the mechanics of infection response to WT PH-1 and the cee1 mutant, to show how Fusarium graminearum deploys the conserved effector Cee1 to interfere with wheat immune signaling. Upon entry into host cells, Cee1 associates with the ATP-binding domain of the immune kinase TaMPK3, impairing its activity and defense responses.

ALT Diagram summarizing the conceptual framework for generating hypotheses and open questions on how TAD-associated chromatin dynamics and CGVs together may shape transcriptional plasticity, stress responses, and long-term adaptive evolution in plants.

ALT Diagram describing how, in rice, the retrotransposon Copia2 is activated in response to drought via Ca2+ signaling where the transcription factors SENSING CA2+ TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (SCT1) and SCT2 bind calmodulin to boost transcription, and hypomethylation of the Copia2 promoter enhances the DNA-binding ability of SCT1 and SCT2 to activate Copia2 expression.

ALT Schematic illustration of NRT1.1B-SPX4-NLP4 or NLP3 response patterns in six different states. States I–IV correspond to plants exposed to constant low-nitrate (LN) or high-nitrate (HN) conditions, as discussed in Ma et al. (2025). States I and II depict a stress-free condition, while states III and IV depict a stress condition, in which abscisic acid (ABA) molecules (red circles) bind to NRT1.1B exclusively under constant LN (Figure 1 State III). Under constant HN conditions, instead of ABA molecules, nitrate ions bind to NRT1.1B, and nitrate is transported from the outside to the inside of the cell (Figure 1 State IV). Abscisic acid molecules are substituted by nitrate. As a reference, the transient application of nitrate ions (green circles) is also included for states V and VI, as discussed in Hu et al. (2019) (note that NLP3 is used here instead of NLP4).

ALT Diagram illustrating how the AMG-LDI-MSI platform uses gold nanoparticle—loaded MoS2 and doped graphene oxide flexible film substrate combined with laser desorption/ionization for rapid and accurate visualization of a wide range of metabolites in various plant tissues by utilizing a versatile, non-sectioning, matrix-free, dual-ion mode mass spectrometry imaging strategy.

ALT Annotated flow diagram illustrating the pathway by which the acylated flavonoid kaempferol-3-O-(6”-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside is produced and its role in plant cold tolerance.

ALT Upper panel: LCI assays between ARF7 and Aux/IAA interactions with or without cold exposure at 1°C in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The pseudo-color bar shows the range of luminescence from weak (blue) to strong (red). Lower panel: Analysis of protein stability of IAA3, IAA14, and their DII mutant counterparts in response to cold or IAA in N. benthamiana leaves.

ALT Diagram to illustrate a method of producing methylated β-elemene in engineered E. coli.

ALT Diagram of the trans-cell membrane space, illustrating how, in soybeans, the GmNFR5a-GmCERK1-GmCAK1 module regulates immune responses triggered by chitin oligosaccharides and chitosan oligosaccharides from fungal pathogens.

ALT Panel of data and morphology figures to illustrate aspects of plant genome editing with OMEGA–Fanzor systems using the single-transcript unit strategy.