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![Simplified scheme of the major purine catabolic pathway in plants.
Xanthine is converted to urate by xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and then to (S)-5-hydroxyisourate [(S)-HIU] by urate oxidase (UOX). (S)-HIU is hydrolyzed to (S)-2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline [(S)-OHCU] by the HIU hydrolase (HIUH) domain of the bifunctional allantoin synthase (ALNS), and (S)-OHCU is subsequently decarboxylated by the OHCU decarboxylase (OHCUD) domain of ALNS to yield (S)-allantoin. (S)-allantoin is further metabolized by allantoinase (ALN) and allantoate amidohydrolase (AAH). The structures shown correspond to the enzymatically generated S-enantiomers of HIU, OHCU, and allantoin (Pipolo et al., 2011; Ramazzina et al., 2006). Asterisks (*) indicate chiral centers. PTS2, type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal.](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/HVU7kVrXcAATOCR.jpg?name=orig)
ALT Simplified scheme of the major purine catabolic pathway in plants. Xanthine is converted to urate by xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and then to (S)-5-hydroxyisourate [(S)-HIU] by urate oxidase (UOX). (S)-HIU is hydrolyzed to (S)-2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline [(S)-OHCU] by the HIU hydrolase (HIUH) domain of the bifunctional allantoin synthase (ALNS), and (S)-OHCU is subsequently decarboxylated by the OHCU decarboxylase (OHCUD) domain of ALNS to yield (S)-allantoin. (S)-allantoin is further metabolized by allantoinase (ALN) and allantoate amidohydrolase (AAH). The structures shown correspond to the enzymatically generated S-enantiomers of HIU, OHCU, and allantoin (Pipolo et al., 2011; Ramazzina et al., 2006). Asterisks (*) indicate chiral centers. PTS2, type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal.
ALT Paclitaxel is a highly valuable diterpenoid anticancer drug originally extracted from the yew tree. Due to the low efficiency of plant extraction and the high cost of semi-synthesis, efforts have been made to produce paclitaxel through biosynthesis. However, there have been no reports to date on engineered strains capable of paclitaxel biosynthesis. Here, we engineer a paclitaxel-producing line using the moss (Physcomitrium patens) chassis cells by combining transient expression verification, cytoplasmic localization strategies, self-cleaving 2 A peptide-mediated multi-gene co-expression systems and a modular iterative transformation strategy for stable genetic inheritance. Even after continuous subculturing multiple times, the engineered paclitaxel-producing lines obtained through both the initial reconstructed pathway and the optimized pathway are able to stably produce paclitaxel. This study proposes that Physcomitrium patens can serve as a plant chassis for paclitaxel biosynthesis.
ALT Diagram describing how insect endosymbionts act as crucial evolutionary drivers, ultimately leading to the formation of morphologically similar yet genetically distinct cryptic insect species through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include promoting ecological adaptation divergence through enhanced nutrient metabolism and stress resistance, facilitating genetic integration via horizontal gene transfer, and inducing reproductive isolation, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility.
ALT Panel of data figures illustrating how editing TaBADH1 alone or TaBADH1 and TaBADH2 via CRISPR/Cas9 produced fragrant wheat with up to 11.24-fold higher 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline than the wild type without yield penalty, revealing asymmetric functional redundancy between these two genes and providing elite germplasm for wheat quality improvement.
ALT Diagram describing how the kinase CPK10 acts as a delayed brake on zinc uptake by phosphorylating the transcription factor bZIP19/23 and thus reducing zinc transporter expression, preventing plants from taking up too much zinc, and maintaining zinc homeostasis.
ALT A schematic model illustrating the critical functions of TGW1aJZ in shortening growth duration and increasing grain yield in rice.
ALT Cover of the October issue of JIPB. Centred is an in-situ morphological image of a stalk of purple flowers belonging to the medicinal and ornamental plant Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica), which is rich in bioactive flavonoid glycosides. The cover also includes the JIPB logo, journal name, issue information and the title text, "Unlocking flavonoid glycosylation in Dracocephalum moldavica."
ALT Diagram to describe the process of engineering flavonoid glycosides, beginning with the identification of key enzymes in Dracocephalum moldavica that produce valuable flavonoid glycosides, and the engineering of these enzymes and optimization of the sugar supply in Escherichia coli, resulting in efficient microbial production of scutellarin and phloretin di-C-glycoside.
ALT Diagram comparing WT and MIM168 wheat cultivars, illustrating how silencing miR168a enhances resistance to Fusarium head blight and increases grain yield. Also shown: how these benefits are associated with TaAGO1b and changes in two downstream small RNA pathways that govern spike development and defense responses.
ALT Satellite-style view of the biogeographic region of Southwest China that is home to the dry-hot Red River valleys and a newly identified monotypic liana genus, Xua hongheensis (in situ morphology shown in a map inset), endemic to the region.
ALT Panel of figures: (Top) Fossil morphology of a new basal opilioacarid from mid-Cretaceous amber, and (bottom) phylogenetic analysis providing insights into early Parasitiformes evolution.
ALT Comparative editing efficiencies of Cas-SF01 and Cas9 in stable transgenic tomato plants. For each of the three target genes (SlGAD3, SlSGR1, and SlTDC1), mutation frequencies induced by Cas-SF01 and Cas9 were evaluated in T0 transgenic lines.
ALT Diagram illustrating the bottom (genetic code), middle (3D chromatin context), and top layers (cell type specificity) of analysis that contribute to understanding the natural grammar of CREs, which can be used, together with AI-driven design, in predictive engineering for crop improvement.
ALT Diagrams illustrating the functional mechanisms of plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in plasma membranes and nuclear membranes.
ALT Poster illustrating results of APG-V.
ALT Diagram describing mechanisms of drought sensitivity and tolerance under drought stress conditions, illustrating how the histone deacetylase TaHDA1 functions as a key regulator linking histone and non-histone deacetylation with drought adaptation.
ALT Diagram summarizing how surface immune signals license intracellular NLR receptors through alternative RNA splicing, a mechanism that enables rapid activation of NLRs upon effector recognition, revealing that surface immunity not only amplifies defense and actively sets the threshold for intracellular immune triggering.
ALT Diagram to illustrate how microRNA miR1866 suppresses OsUBP7, which encodes a protein that is involved in cell growth and abscisic acid responses. Releasing this brake produces heavier grains with stronger dormancy.