ALT Two Nanochloropsis gaditana cells visualized by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy. Left cell displays a chloroplast containing thylakoids, a nucleus, a mitochondrion, and a fracture face of the plasma membrane. In the right cell, the innermost membrane, marked with pits, is the fractured outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope, above which is the fractured outer membrane of the chloroplast ER, above which is the granular cell wall.

ALT The marine ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (bottom right) is famed for its ability to steal chloroplasts and nuclei from red cryptophyte algae in the Teleaulax/Gemingera clade. But even these prey specialists can make "mistakes," ingesting blue-green Hemiselmis pacifica (upper left) and transiently retaining their plastids. Here, a M. rubrum cell points its feeding tentacles (labeled with an anti-centrin antibody, yellow) at an H. pacifica cell. The cryptophyte's flagella and ciliate's cilia (labeled with an anti-tubulin antibody, purple) and nuclei (labeled with DAPI, blue) are visible in this expansion micrograph taken with a Nikon spinning disk confocal microscope. Numerous stolen prey nuclei are visible inside of the M. rubrum cell. See Moeller et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.13066

ALT Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of Novijibodo darinka n. gen. n. sp.. Ventral view of cell with flagellar pocket, and cross section of cell with nucleus, mitochondrion containing kinetoplast, microtubular prism (enlarged), and endosymbiotic bacteria. Images taken by J. A. Packer. See Packer et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.13072