ALT TEM analysis of WT (A) or R345W+/+ (B) mice at 4 mo intervals ranging from 4 to 20 month. Representative images of ~16 FOVs per mouse, n = 6 mice/genotype and age group (3 male, 3 female) except for 20 month mice. n = 3 females/genotype at 20 month. Scale bar = 2 μm. Area highlighted in red designates the tracing used to quantify BrM and BLamDs (if present). Images taken at 2500x magnification. Scale bar = 2 μm. V = vacuole. Quantitation of BLamD size (µm2/FOV) (C) and percent sub-FOVs (D) that contain at least one BLamD (see Materials and Methods for in-depth information on definition and quantitation of BLamDs). Data in (C) are presented as violin plots showing the median and quartiles. Data in (D) are presented as percent of total FOVs counted for each age/genotype. Comparative analysis performed using Mann–Whitney tests. *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001. Note: The WT TEM image and WT BLamD quantification are identical to that shown later in Fig. 10B–D.

ALT A colorful circle resembling a flower and representing the mouse retina. Caption: Image and shape-based analysis of mouse retinal cells.   Photo credit: Steffi Daniel, Ph.D. and Pravallika Kambhampati