You'll soon see lots of "Llama just dethroned ChatGPT" or "OpenAI is so done" posts on Twitter. Before your timeline gets flooded, I'll share my notes: ▸ Llama-2 likely costs $20M+ to train. Meta has done an incredible service to the community by releasing the model with a commercially-friendly license. AI researchers from big companies were wary of Llama-1 due to licensing issues, but now I think many of them will jump on the ship and contribute their firepower. ▸ Meta's team did a human study on 4K prompts to evaluate Llama-2's helpfulness. They use "win rate" as a metric to compare models, in similar spirit as the Vicuna benchmark. 70B model roughly ties with GPT-3.5-0301, and performs noticeably stronger than Falcon, MPT, and Vicuna. I trust these real human ratings more than academic benchmarks, because they typically capture the "in-the-wild vibe" better. ▸ Llama-2 is NOT yet at GPT-3.5 level, mainly because of its weak coding abilities. On "HumanEval" (standard coding benchmark), it isn't nearly as good as StarCoder or many other models specifically designed for coding. That being said, I have little doubt that Llama-2 will improve significantly thanks to its open weights. ▸ Meta's team goes above and beyond on AI safety issues. In fact, almost half of the paper is talking about safety guardrails, red-teaming, and evaluations. A round of applause for such responsible efforts! In prior works, there's a thorny tradeoff between helpfulness and safety. Meta mitigates this by training 2 separate reward models. They aren't open-source yet, but would be extremely valuable to the community. ▸ I think Llama-2 will dramatically boost multimodal AI and robotics research. These fields need more than just blackbox access to an API. So far, we have to convert the complex sensory signals (video, audio, 3D perception) to text description and then feed to an LLM, which is awkward and leads to huge information loss. It'd be much more effective to graft sensory modules directly on a strong LLM backbone. ▸ The whitepaper itself is a masterpiece. Unlike GPT-4's paper that shared very little info, Llama-2 spelled out the entire recipe, including model details, training stages, hardware, data pipeline, and annotation process. For example, there's a systematic analysis on the effect of RLHF with nice visualizations. Quote sec 5.1: "We posit that the superior writing abilities of LLMs, as manifested in surpassing human annotators in certain tasks, are fundamentally driven by RLHF." Congrats to the team again 🥂! Today is another delightful day in OSS AI.