In 1893 a Norwegian scientist deliberately froze his ship into the Arctic ice, let it drift for three years, and lost not a single man to scurvy or anything else. Then he walked off it and spent nine months in a hole in the ground eating bear. Fridtjof Nansen was thirty-two, a zoologist with a doctorate on the nervous system of a worm. His theory was that the polar current would carry a ship across the top of the world if the ship was built not to be crushed. He built one. He called it the Fram, took twelve men, and sailed into the pack. For three years they lived in the dark and the cold with no fresh food arriving from anywhere. On every previous expedition that had meant scurvy, the disease that had killed more sailors than the sea. Nansen's crew had none. They shot polar bear and seal, and ate the meat fresh and barely cooked, as the Inuit did. The doctor on board had almost nothing to do. In 1895 Nansen and one companion left the ship on skis to make for the Pole. They got further north than any human had been, turned back, and were caught by winter on an empty island. They built a hut of stones and walrus hide, and for nine months they ate bear meat and walrus blubber and nothing else. No vegetable, no grain, no fruit. They came out in the spring fatter than they went in. Then they walked home. Nansen went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize, and lived to 68. Every schoolchild is taught that a diet without vegetables will rot you from the inside. Two men spent a winter underground on nothing but fat and meat and came out fit to walk across the Arctic, and that was 130 years ago.