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Another year, another climate gap. 🌍🔥🌡️ It's the 15th time I joined the lead author team of the @UNEP #Emissionsgap report. How high are global emissions? What have countries pledged? And is this all aligned with the Paris Agreement? Let’s dig in with a 🧵/1

Launched today by @andersen_inger, the @UNEP #emissionsgap report once again looks at the state of play of international climate action. 🌍🔥🌡️🇺🇳 This year's title: No more hot air … please! Let's have a look at what's inside /2

Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2023 amounted to 57.1 billion tons of CO2-equivalent emissions (GtCO2e) A 1.3 percent increase from 2022. /3

The increase in total GHG emissions of 1.3 per cent from 2022 levels is above the average rate in the decade preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (2010–2019), when GHG emissions growth averaged 0.8 percent per year. Leading to a new record high in global GHG in 2023 /4

A rebound in emissions from flights together with rapid (more than 2.5 percent per year) growth of fuel production (oil and gas, coal etc.), road transportation and energy-related industry emissions were the main contributors to this increase in GHG emissions. /5

Meanwhile, countries have been submitting emission reduction pledges, known as Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs. /6

By now: - 91% of global emissions are covered by an NDC with a GHG reduction target - Only 23 NDCs cover all greenhouse gases (other only cover CO2 or a subset) - 134 NDCs (33% of global GHGs) set additional conditions for all pledges to be implemented (see table highlights) /7

Some countries have put in place the policies to achieve their NDCs, while others still have work to do. In some cases, NDC targets were so weak that no new policies were needed to achieve them. /8

The picture is therefore diverse. Countries in the top-left corner are less likely to achieve their NDC by 2030 based on the policies that they have currently on the books. Countries in the bottom-right more likely. /9

These trends should of course be understood in a context where different countries find themselves in quite different circumstances. The per capita emissions in 2019 (black dot) and projected under policies (teal diamond) and NDCs (orange square) illustrate these differences. /10

Beyond the NDCs for 2030, many countries have net-zero targets, but of varying quality. /11

[In an earlier study in @nature we provided a check list with a gold standard of setting net-zero targets. (with @Oliver_Geden Andy Reisinger and Anette Cowie) nature.com/articles/d41586-0… /12

Looking only at G20 members that have already peaked their GHG emissions, we see that for many, their near-term NDC does not yet describe a robust path to meeting their long-term net-zero targets. Meanwhile other countries' NDCs do not yet imply a peak in their emissions. /13

This brings us to the question: what does this all add up to? Each year the @UNEP #Emissionsgap report looks at where emissions are heading and where they should be going to limit warming to a given level. The difference between the two is the emissions gap. /14