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So pleased to announce the publication of my first book: Who holds the key? An Everyday Guide to Cryptography, Passwords, Crypto Wallets, and navigating the technology that protects your privacy in the modern world.
You used cryptography fifty times before breakfast. Isn't it time you understood the locks your life depends on?
You unlocked your phone with your face. Paid for coffee with a tap. Sent a message that says it's "end-to-end encrypted." Checked your bank without typing a password. Every one of those moments ran on cryptography — working so silently you never saw it. This book is about what happens when you finally look.
No math. No jargon. No paranoia. Just clear answers to the questions everyone quietly wonders about:
Can WhatsApp really not read my messages? (Mostly true — with four asterisks that matter.)
Where does my Face ID data go — and is it safe?
Isn't keeping every password in one app insane?
What am I agreeing to when my wallet says "Sign"?
Will quantum computers break everything?
When should I worry?
What happens to my crypto, accounts, and photos when I die?
This book answers the questions that help you decide amongst the bewildering array of options that are forced upon everyday people all the time — primarily by platforms. Which messaging app to use, should you use a passkey or a password, which encryption options to turn on, back up your data to the cloud or not. Most often the defaults don’t protect your privacy, but rather leave your data open to harvesting. By understanding some key concepts drawn from the world of cryptography, you will make better decisions for you and your family. I hope you enjoy this exploration.
The whole book rests on four plain ideas — keys, who holds them, signing, and where keys live — and one master question you'll use for the rest of your life: who holds the key? By the last page you'll judge any app, gadget, or frightening headline for yourself, and you'll know exactly which handful of switches to flip tonight, sorted Good / Better / Paranoid, so you can protect what matters and relax about the rest.
Written for the everyday reader — the one who taps, swipes, messages, banks, and wonders. If you can lock a front door, you can understand the locks that now guard your money, your memories, and your voice. In a world increasingly run by locks you cannot see, knowing even a little about how they work puts the power back where it belongs: with you.
Available now on Amazon, Apple and at independent bookstores around the world.
whoholdsthekey.com
Please write a review! – at London, England
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
Americans want crypto through the institutions they already use. 🏦
And 29% of adults 18 to 34 plan to move crypto into a bank, credit union, or brokerage within three years.
More in our Crypto at the Bank report with @HarrisPoll: nca.org/2026-crypto-at-the-b…
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
1/10 Today @Vault12 has written to @secgov on proposed Regulation Crypto Assets.
We welcome the distinction between tokens and the investment contracts used to sell them. Our letter supports and builds on @digitalchamber’s submission.
Here are our key asks.
In 2026, 'Not your keys, not your coins' has evolved. Now it’s 'Not your plan, not your family’s.' We’ve mastered the tech of holding, but we’re still beginners at the art of bequeathing. It’s time we matured as an industry. #Crypto #Inheritance #Future
Yes they would, so would I
Would you be more likely to bank somewhere that offers access to crypto? 🏦
About 112 million Americans say they would. Yet about 168 million say no one at their bank, credit union, or advisor’s office has brought it up yet.
Consumers are ready for that conversation. Our new Crypto at the Bank report with @HarrisPoll shows what they want to know, and from whom: nca.org/2026-crypto-at-the-b…
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
The only "crypto villain from a previous era" who deserves a path to redemption is Mark Karpeles @MagicalTux - precisely because he's the only one who's not clamoring for attention asking for one. He's just quietly doing interesting stuff.
Compare his twitter with a weaker soul:
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
Does @Ledger think everyone will simply forget about the massive supply chain attack that saw $80 million stolen from its users?
It has been a week now & they still haven't provided a basic step-by-step guide on how to check the integrity of a device without destroying it...
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
By the way, this is Ledger’s CEO … acting like this after over 90+ million in customer funds were lost.
I’m now addressing @_pgauthier directly:
@Ledger ’s reputation and standing are deteriorating with every public appearance you make on this app right now, not to mention the overall poor handling of this situation what includes external but also internal communication…
Furthermore, Ledger’s misleading claim that the Secure Element chip is designed to detect physical tampering is false, and I can tell you that THIS is going to cost the company QUITE a lot very soon.
Many people will file lawsuits.
Real people have lost a lot of money, and you could have prevented this yourself by taking concrete steps as early as MARCH 2026 to demonstrate what good leadership looks like.
A clear public warning across ALL channels would have been sufficient (not just an article buried somewhere in the Academy).
I don’t want to comment on Mt. Gox, but @MagicalTux was a HUGE help to all Ledger users. He brought the problem to light Fast and helped people check whether their devices were clean or contained an implant.
Whether you like it or not: That’s exactly what ultimately helped stop the attacks on the supply chain.
And instead of being grateful, you’re spouting responses like this and attacking Mark personally on a very low level.
Embarrassing 👎
Link to the Ledger Academy:
ledger.com/academy/topics/le…
Replying to @MagicalTux @Ledger
Coming from Mt Gox CEO... Come on man. You are no white knight. Get real...
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
> "The Secure Element chip is designed to detect physical tampering and will refuse to execute unsigned code or pass the genuine check if extra hardware attempts to intercept signals."
Not only is this misleading consumers into believing the Secure Element can detect "extra hardware," but Ledger's own documentation explicitly states:
> "Note that a Genuine check cannot detect unauthorized physical modifications to the hardware, such as spying implants, if the original Secure Element remains intact."
@Ledger_Support's statement directly contradict Ledger's own technical documentation, and less than two months later, we're seeing reports of over $90 million stolen through precisely the kind of "extra hardware" intercepting signals that Ledger assured customers would be detected.
And here's the worst part: Ledger had already published photographs of actual spying implants in its March 2026 Ledger Academy article, including sophisticated, mass-produced PCBs installed in multiple Ledger models.
This wasn't some hypothetical attack they hadn't anticipated. They had already documented the threat, yet months later, their official Support account was assuring customers that Genuine Check would detect precisely this kind of hardware modification.
How is this not misleading advertising?
xitter.cf/Ledger_Support/status/…
Replying to @HeyTaiZen
Hi there, instead of relying on a sticker, Ledger uses Cryptographic Attestation.
Every time you connect a device to Ledger Wallet, the software sends a cryptographic challenge directly to the Secure Element chip. If the hardware, chip, or internal firmware has been modified or altered during manufacturing/shipping, the cryptographic check fails, and the app will flag the device as non-genuine.
The Secure Element chip is designed to detect physical tampering and will refuse to execute unsigned code or pass the genuine check if extra hardware attempts to intercept signals.
A cryptographic proof performed directly by the hardware chip is infinitely more secure than a physical sticker.
A VC once told me my pitch was 'too quiet.' I took it as a compliment. In a world of shouting, there’s a certain power in letting the results speak for themselves. It’s taken me years to be okay with not being the loudest voice. #Startups #VentureCapital #Growth
Terrible, terrible CEO indifference to the plight of customers which they have repeatedly endangered with the most compromised crypto hardware wallet in history.
Bravo @MagicalTux for highlighting the issue to so many people and educating us on how to defend ourselves - something @ledger should have done but couldn’t, presumably because they were too busy launching a new wallet device #fail
Ledger leadership just hit a new low
today ledger's CEO showed up in the replies of Mark, the guy who helped uncover the implants inside ledgers in the first place. because of his work the scammers only got away with what they could steal at that moment
if he hadn't exposed it the damage could have been WAY bigger, because these devices would have kept spreading while ledger stayed quiet
instead of thanks for his help, mark got an accusation back. this is not one of those cases where attack is the best defense, and it looks plain disgusting, because instead of owning the incident and thanking him, the CEO came at him over the old mt gox story
on top of that ledger still hasn't said a word about making victims whole, and keeps pointing at cryptobilis for everything else
i don't get how anyone keeps using a product from a company this indifferent to security incidents, to the people helping protect its own users, and to the users who lost money because of its mistakes
i honestly have no words. this is shameful and disgusting
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
Replying to @_pgauthier @Ledger
I'm not sure MtGox has anything to do with that. You received multiple reports of implants in early 2026, and by March you published an article that showed both the hand-made style of implants Joe Grand saw (with the improvised LTE antenna) and the high budget mass produced self-aligning implant.
As a security company I have no doubt everyone at Ledger understands what that means: someone is serious about attacking the product. This is a five-alarm fire in the making and without an immediate and appropriate response it could turn into something really bad.
So there was a response, but I doubt anyone will find it reasonably appropriate. It does one thing however: it documents Ledger knew about this advanced type of implant in March - the picture is on your site.
And if you really think I have no standing talking about this because of MtGox let me add this. I was hoping you guys were better than that. I've been holding Ledger at a higher standard than what happened at MtGox, because I trusted you to do better by learning of my failure - to be better than me. And I'm pretty sure everyone in the industry, especially your customers, have been considering Ledger to be at the very top of the industry in terms of security and disclosure policies and trusting you accordingly.
Now I am not sure what to think, not only because of the lack of communication at the time but also because of the continuing downplaying of this incident. I did notice some positive, such as better involvement of the Ledger X account, but also I've seen a lot of people complain they are not receiving responses and you keep calling this the CryptoBilis incident despite similar implants surfacing at other locations (there might be a good reason for that, but a end user doesn't know that, and shouldn't have to worry if their device is altered or not).
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
The NSA mathematician who made the numbers protecting your passkeys died in 2023 without ever remembering how he made them. Cryptographers chased the answer for years and put up a $36,864 bounty. Claude figured it out in under 30 minutes, and the answer was the clock on his computer.
His name was Jerry Solinas. Back in 1997 he generated the starting numbers for P-256 and a few sibling curves, the math underneath your passkeys and a big chunk of the secure websites you visit every day. NIST published them in 2000 with no explanation of where they came from, and for a long time people mostly shrugged.
Then 2013 happened. The Snowden files showed the NSA had slipped a backdoor into a different crypto standard, and suddenly every unexplained number the agency had ever handed out looked suspicious. These were the most widely used ones of all.
Jerry's own story was that he'd hashed a joke sentence, something along the lines of "Give Bob and Jerry a raise," and then lost it when his work computer got swapped out. He tried to recreate it himself and never could. He even joked that any backup was probably sitting in the same warehouse as the Ark of the Covenant.
After he died, Steve went digging. He tracked down former NSA people and old cryptographers, and four of them independently told him the same joke-phrase story. Filippo Valsorda turned that into a bounty in 2023, and for three years people threw computing power at every version of that sentence they could dream up. A few folks at Anthropic took a crack at it too, Steve among them. He's now one of the people credited on the solve.
None of it matched.
So someone at Anthropic tried something different. They asked an internal Claude model to figure out where the seeds came from and purposely left out the joke-sentence clue.
Claude's first move was to think like a programmer in 1997. If you needed random numbers back then, you probably grabbed the basic generator that came with the C library on your Unix machine, and those old generators are simple enough that they leave fingerprints in their output. Sure enough, in four of the seeds the top bit of every 32-bit chunk was a zero. The odds of that happening by accident are about 1 in 5,810, and it's the calling card of a generator called lrand48.
And this is where it gets fun. lrand48 runs in reverse just as easily as forward, so Claude rewound each seed back to the moment the generator was switched on. Every prime-curve seed rewound to a date and time from 1997 or 1998. Whoever ran the program had seeded it with the computer's clock.
P-256's run started at 1:52:34 AM UTC on August 16, 1997. If that machine was at NSA headquarters in Maryland, somebody hit enter at 9:52 on a Friday night, and the seed that ended up in the standard was the 1,842nd one the program spat out.
Jerry's joke sentence was never in there. He misremembered, four people faithfully repeated what he told them, and some very good cryptographers spent years trying to crack a hash of a sentence that nobody ever typed. Leaving the clue out is probably what let Claude get there in half an hour.
I love the irony here. Using the clock to seed a weak random generator is one of the first things they tell you never to do in a security class. That exact laziness is why anyone can now rerun the NSA's 1997 program on a laptop and get the identical numbers, which makes it really hard to argue anything sneaky was hidden inside them.
There's still one thing left to argue about. In the P-256 run, number 876 also would have made a perfectly good curve, and someone skipped it and kept going to 1,842. Anthropic says so few got skipped that it couldn't have been a hunt for a weak curve, but nobody knows why it happened.
Claude's own notes from that moment are pretty funny. When the numbers matched, it actually stopped and wondered whether it was inside a test, since a 25-year-old mystery falling apart that fast seemed too good to be true. Then it reran the logic and talked itself into it, because ten curves each regenerating perfectly from a single timestamp doesn't happen by luck.
The $36,864 is going to the nonprofit that runs Let's Encrypt, the group that gives free security certificates to millions of websites, a lot of them built on these same curves.
CLAUDE FOUND THE SEEDS
anthropic.com/research/ecdsa…
If you had to lock away your entire portfolio for the next decade, how many of your current holdings would actually make the cut? It’s a sobering thought that usually leads to better decisions. What’s your one 'forever' asset? #CryptoInvesting #Strategy #Web3
As I was moderating this panel, my phone was buzzing in my pocket due to criminals trying to hack into my accounts - if you want to know what to do about this please watch/listen
youtu.be/P0WnjWXctGU?is=8a-1…
Thanks to @CML_LDN and my amazing panelists for providing such pragmatic advice - Erica Stanford, Charlotte Miller and Christian D’Ippolito
There’s a lot of noise about AI replacing founders. I tend to think it’s just making the human element more obvious. I’d still rather bet on a flawed human with a vision than a perfect model with a prompt. Just my small observation. #AI #Startups #FounderLife
Roadster xitter.cf/i/broadcasts/1yKAPwNgg…
0:00
Tesla
Roadster
It’s finished. Just pressed enter to publish on Amazon and Apple - pre-order now available
everydaycryptocurrency.com
Wasim Ahmad retweeted
I'm hiring my next Chief of Staff. You won’t know every field I work in. What matters is how quickly you learn, the questions you ask, and whether you can think from first principles. You’ll help evaluate opportunities and work with founders building consequential companies. Technical background preferred. Three-year commitment. Menlo Park, in person. Apply: jobs.ashbyhq.com/khoslaventu…





















