@muratcani
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MTS, AI Research @sullyai Building AI medical workforce Prev/ AI Persona Development, HCI, Marketing, Communication Design
Toronto, Canada 🇨🇦
Joined December 2022
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I’m excited to share a new repo: Agent Skills for Context Engineering
Instead of just offering a library of black-box tools, it acts as a "Meta-Agent" knowledge base. It provides a standard set of skills, written in markdown and code, that you can feed to an agent so it understands how to manage its own cognitive resources.
github.com/muratcankoylan/Ag…
Most agent failures are not model failures; they are context failures. This is still an experimental project. The goal is to establish a platform-agnostic standard for context engineering that can be used in Cursor, Claude Code, Copilot or Codex.
skills/
context-fundamentals: What context is, why it matters
context-degradation: How context fails (lost-in-middle, poisoning)
context-optimization: Compaction, masking, caching
multi-agent-patterns: Orchestrator, swarm, hierarchical
memory-systems: Vector RAG, knowledge graphs, Zep
tool-design: Building tools agents can use
evaluation: Testing and measuring agent systems
I believe this is a good start, showing developers how to approach context engineering rather than relying on ready-made tools.
You will also find the aggregated research documents I used to build these skills in the repo. The skills are synthesized from technical blogs on context and prompt engineering that I bookmarked, AI Labs' documentations, and Anthropic Skills examples.
Try the 7 Skills, created using Antrhopic's Skills template format. Experiment with the provided scripts and references, and feel free to contribute to the repo.
It’s actually a good question; the difference is subtle but structural.
I usually frame it like this:
AGENTS[.]md acts as the declarative context. You write this for every repo (and nested directories) to define the project structure, persona, and coding rules.
Skills are the functional protocols. They provide the agent with modular capabilities like advanced tool-use and multi-step chaining that are dynamically discovered only when needed.
If AGENTS[.]md defines the identity and environment (the body), Skills provide the specialized toolset (the capabilities) used to execute tasks autonomously.
Ata's hands-on experience on film sets, now shaping how he makes AI ads and movies.
Go follow my cousin if you’re working in this space. He shares the creative decisions behind the work.
He’s also here with me in Toronto for a while. If you’re around and want to collaborate, hit him up.
And if you can help with video model credits, we’ve got plenty of ideas!
When I tried GPT-Live-1 today, I felt deflated as I recognized behaviors we’d spent weeks trying to make reliable. For the past three months, I’ve been focusing on researching and building duplex voice agents, where I wrote thousands of lines across our harness and the experiments around it.
Customers use parts of that work every day, the conversions are increasing drastically as we make our voice agents more reliable and expressive. This duplex voice harness/model (interaction runtime + kernel) problem has occupied most of my attention but tbh when I first started working with voice agents, I didn't know how challenging and complex they were. Duplex conversational timing, orchestration, acoustic turn-taking, micro-interruptions, prosody, and generalized noise etc are really hard problems.
There are so many 'beautifully crafted"'voice demos but seeing them in production is almost impossible. A cough would interrupt the voice agent, it leaves the caller waiting for it to speak again. During a tool call, someone would change their decision before the earlier result returned. There are also many other telephony factors so it is not just an AI or research problem.
Following those cases through the system led us to separate the part that speaks from the work running in the background. We’ve developed a kernel that controls what the agent can do and checks what happened before it reports an outcome to the caller because the duplex models simply weren’t good enough yet.
During this period, reading NVIDIA’s PersonaPlex and Nemotron VoiceChat work helped me understand where the models were heading; Thinking Machines’ Interaction Models approach to keeping an interaction going during longer tasks connected with questions we were already working through.
My first thought was how much of what I’ve been working on will we no longer need?
This is another great example of how harnesses are compressing into models. That's why always build your harness and repo that you can destroy every 6 months and build it from scratch again. It should be very fluid and modular, so you can easily bring the frontier capabilities. That's why building a duplex harness that happens to use ASR, STT, LLM, TTS models is not a good solution since duplex is commoditized today. Build a harness where the duplex model itself is a replaceable component. This is valid for any software field.
After spending months with these problems, I appreciate the work behind GPT-Live more deeply. Through client delegation, anyone can connect GPT-Live to existing harnesses, where the models you choose work with your tools.
Thank you to the OpenAI team. This is a big win for anyone building solutions to benefit humanity.
Muratcan Koylan retweeted
The world of R&D is forking into two paths: the token-abundant research, and the token-starved research. The future is in the former - evidentially, the progress by today's top AI industry teams and neolabs is breathtaking, where researchers’ human brilliance is super charged by AI’s assistance. Every research university president should be reading this report and reflecting on what the future of higher education research should be.
openai.com/index/research-ac…
Muratcan Koylan retweeted
Getting ready to publish my complete guide to RL for LLMs tomorrow morning. Although the post contains many of my own thoughts / learnings, it is also a synthesis of so many great resources that have been published over the years:
- The RLHF Book (rlhfbook.com/) by @natolambert
- Reinforcement Learning by Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto
- Spinning Up in Deep RL (spinningup.openai.com/en/lat…) from OpenAI
- Build an LLM (sebastianraschka.com/llms-fr…) and Reasoning Model (sebastianraschka.com/reasoni…) from Scratch by @rasbt
- Various notes (joschu.net/blog/kl-approx.ht…) and papers (TRPO, PPO, etc.) from John Schulman
- Policy Gradient Algorithms (lilianweng.github.io/posts/2…) by Lilian Weng
- A Vision Researcher’s Guide to RL (yugeten.github.io/posts/2025…) by @YugeTen
- From REINFORCE to Dr. GRPO (lancelqf.github.io/note/llm_…) by @qingfeng_lan
- Async GRPO in the Wild (yumoxu.notion.site/async-grp…) by @yumo_xu
- Open RL infrastructure like TRL (huggingface.co/docs/trl/en/i…) and OpenInstruct (github.com/allenai/open-inst…)
I highly recommend reading all of them. They’ve truly helped me to learn so much.
Finally acquired a 3D printer
I need to know how people are actually using agents to design CAD and hardware. Also drop any good papers, blogs, or embodied AI projects I should be looking pls.
It’s a bit unexpected to me that you have to ship essential robotics items like servos directly from China because they're impossible to find from local sellers. I was expecting these to be more popular locally tbh.
I learned the main reason is that they are produced in enormous variety in Shenzhen/Dongguan and nearby manufacturing clusters. The factories, distributors, and assembly shops are physically close, so selling a $10 servo in 30 different torque/voltage/form-factor combinations is economically viable.
At least we need smth like Home Depot for robotics.
Another good open source resource find:
nitter.cf/mitchellhynes/status/2…
Way back in the day (2023 😆) I made a vibecoding platform for CAD. It was 100% built on open source tools.
The LLM would edit an OpenSCAD script, it would render it to OBJ for the viewer.
I bet an OpenCode+OpenSCAD REPL would go so hard with today’s agent models+vision. Someone’s def built it before.
The benefit of using OpenSCAD versus other 3D software like Blender is that it always makes a printable part. No 0-thick mobuis strips.
also starting a new side project.
I’m coming into hardware with basically zero experience, so I ran GPT-5.6 Sol Ultra with my background, goals, and setup and had it build a personalized research + learning roadmap.
It’s designed for me, but a lot of the research, weekly builds, project ideas, etc should be useful to anyone trying to move from software into hardware with an embodied ai focus
github.com/muratcankoylan/Ma…
Don’t make the model solve the entire complex problem.
Make the harness turn the complex problem into a collection of simple problems.
1. Start with the dumbest system that can work.
2. Build a good eval.
3. Add complexity only where the eval shows that you need it.
I love these Netflix AI blogs because their engienering decisions explain not just what worked, but what they deliberately chose not to build.
Synopsis evaluator is a great example of measuring the failure, then adding the smallest amount of complexity needed to fix it.
netflixtechblog.com/evaluati…
100%. To me, mastering prompt & context engineering is less about becoming an expert in an engineering domain and more about knowing how to activate the right neural nets of the model for an unfamiliar problem.
It is extremely undervalued how important (and challenging) it is to extract and bring domain expertise context to the model in the right format at the right time, it is a super skill.
if you can master the meta-skill of figuring out what problems in arbitrary domains are computationally tractable, you will have the opportunity, for at least a year two, and maybe longer, to be a kind of meta-genius. you will not know the answer to anything, or even how to find it, but you’ll have refined heuristics for the right questions to ask about everything to make meaningful progress along the margin. this is probably the skill to have optimized for in the last three years, though I readily admit I don’t know how long it will remain a human advantage. it is for now though.
This brief article does a solid job of explaining this way of thinking.
seangoedecke.com/llms-reward…
Thank you for supporting open source @sama
I’m excited to share a new repo: Agent Skills for Context Engineering
Instead of just offering a library of black-box tools, it acts as a "Meta-Agent" knowledge base. It provides a standard set of skills, written in markdown and code, that you can feed to an agent so it understands how to manage its own cognitive resources.
github.com/muratcankoylan/Ag…
Most agent failures are not model failures; they are context failures. This is still an experimental project. The goal is to establish a platform-agnostic standard for context engineering that can be used in Cursor, Claude Code, Copilot or Codex.
skills/
context-fundamentals: What context is, why it matters
context-degradation: How context fails (lost-in-middle, poisoning)
context-optimization: Compaction, masking, caching
multi-agent-patterns: Orchestrator, swarm, hierarchical
memory-systems: Vector RAG, knowledge graphs, Zep
tool-design: Building tools agents can use
evaluation: Testing and measuring agent systems
I believe this is a good start, showing developers how to approach context engineering rather than relying on ready-made tools.
You will also find the aggregated research documents I used to build these skills in the repo. The skills are synthesized from technical blogs on context and prompt engineering that I bookmarked, AI Labs' documentations, and Anthropic Skills examples.
Try the 7 Skills, created using Antrhopic's Skills template format. Experiment with the provided scripts and references, and feel free to contribute to the repo.
Muratcan Koylan retweeted
When building harnesses, don’t design only for what today’s models can do. Anticipate where they’ll be in six months, and build your architecture for that trajectory.
Harnesses are becoming models, and Voice AI is about to have its moment. I believe it will significantly accelerate AI adoption very soon.
I've been working with my team at Sully on duplex and half cascade voice architectures recently. The thinking of most researchers and AI labs working on Voice AI is converging around these ideas:
- A continuously active, full-duplex speech model owns the conversational floor.
- Media is isolated from application logic.
- Deeper reasoning and tools run asynchronously.
- The live model can sustain the interaction while slower work runs.
- Application state and discrete records are derived without forcing the media path back into request/response turns.
The realtime front can own timing, prosody, interruptions, acknowledgements, and conversational repair. But for tasks that require tool calls or deeper reasoning, you still need a harness. You build the realtime model on top of that harness.
Our research partners at NVIDIA also shared this open-source model today:
huggingface.co/nvidia/NVIDIA…
NVIDIA's VoiceChat-11B shows that turn-taking, interruption handling, streaming speech understanding, speech generation, tool selection, and tool-wait narration are all being trained into a single model.
But I still strongly believe that a deterministic harness remains essential. You cannot build reliable voice experiences using only a realtime model, just as you cannot build truly smooth voice experiences with full cascaded systems alone.
The model reports 82.5% tool-selection accuracy, but only 44.2% argument accuracy and 33% Pass@1 on Full-Duplex-Bench v3. You cannot put a model alone in front of people especially in high-risk industries.
The conversational harness is moving into the model; the transactional harness is not.
In Voice AI, your harness should simplify its caller-facing recovery machinery as continuous models absorb floor control. At the same time, it should add stronger asynchronous task and state-management mechanisms behind the front.
Continuous models make the backend harness even more important. The front can now speak while state is provisional, receive new intent while old work is still running, overlap speech with tool completion, and generate plausible progress or outcome language before a transaction has actually settled.
Application orchestration is not obsolete. The interaction control loop is becoming a learned, continuous capability.
Prompt engineering for long running agents is the solution: nitter.cf/muratcan/status/207667…
- What & How to build
- How to analyze and evaluate
- What makes it ready
LLMs are inherently lazy; you need to make them work until the task is complete entirely.
I'm going to cancel Claude. It's just so bad, I can't believe it.
It's just lazy. The most recent example: I have Claude check my inbox for important emails, summarize them, work with them, and send out replies if necessary. I caught Claude again simply not reading the email thread to the end and just ignoring the latest emails.
When I asked him about it, Opus 5 just said: "Valid point. I didn't read it."
I mean, seriously. What the heck? You have to babysit it every time.
I remember when we thought 3D printers would become as common as microwaves.
You would need something, describe it, and make it at home.
That obviously never happened.
Maybe 3D printing was waiting for AI.
The future might be millions of strange, personal machines built to solve problems that only one person has.
3D printers are already good at producing custom modular parts. The challenging and time consuming part is everything around them: design, engineering, electronics, software...
What happens when agents handle those parts and we only provide the idea and assemble the result?
A machine that scans physical books should not be impossible. It is basically some printable components, a camera, two or three motors, an Arduino, and a bit of electronics.
Your Cursor, Devin, or Codex could:
- design the printable parts
- select and order the motors, camera, and electronics
- generate the assembly instructions
- write the firmware
- watch the machine operate and debug it
CAD is an awful interface for ordinary humans. But natural language might be a very good interface for building physical things.
Anyone experimenting with agents that design and build small machines?
When building harnesses, don’t design only for what today’s models can do. Anticipate where they’ll be in six months, and build your architecture for that trajectory.
Harnesses are becoming models, and Voice AI is about to have its moment. I believe it will significantly accelerate AI adoption very soon.
I've been working with my team at Sully on duplex and half cascade voice architectures recently. The thinking of most researchers and AI labs working on Voice AI is converging around these ideas:
- A continuously active, full-duplex speech model owns the conversational floor.
- Media is isolated from application logic.
- Deeper reasoning and tools run asynchronously.
- The live model can sustain the interaction while slower work runs.
- Application state and discrete records are derived without forcing the media path back into request/response turns.
The realtime front can own timing, prosody, interruptions, acknowledgements, and conversational repair. But for tasks that require tool calls or deeper reasoning, you still need a harness. You build the realtime model on top of that harness.
Our research partners at NVIDIA also shared this open-source model today:
huggingface.co/nvidia/NVIDIA…
NVIDIA's VoiceChat-11B shows that turn-taking, interruption handling, streaming speech understanding, speech generation, tool selection, and tool-wait narration are all being trained into a single model.
But I still strongly believe that a deterministic harness remains essential. You cannot build reliable voice experiences using only a realtime model, just as you cannot build truly smooth voice experiences with full cascaded systems alone.
The model reports 82.5% tool-selection accuracy, but only 44.2% argument accuracy and 33% Pass@1 on Full-Duplex-Bench v3. You cannot put a model alone in front of people especially in high-risk industries.
The conversational harness is moving into the model; the transactional harness is not.
In Voice AI, your harness should simplify its caller-facing recovery machinery as continuous models absorb floor control. At the same time, it should add stronger asynchronous task and state-management mechanisms behind the front.
Continuous models make the backend harness even more important. The front can now speak while state is provisional, receive new intent while old work is still running, overlap speech with tool completion, and generate plausible progress or outcome language before a transaction has actually settled.
Application orchestration is not obsolete. The interaction control loop is becoming a learned, continuous capability.
Muratcan Koylan retweeted
AI Product Loop
Start with a one-shot system built on the best model available. It sets the quality bar and gets the product into users’ hands quickly.
As usage grows, cost and latency start shaping the architecture. More work moves into the harness. The task gets split across agents, while smaller models take over the parts they can handle well.
Then better open-source models arrive. You post-train them on real workflows, tool calls, edge cases, and user behavior. Over time, the model absorbs more of the work that used to live in the harness, which lets the system become simpler again.
Eventually, a specialized open-source model can handle the task in a single pass with lower cost and stronger accuracy for that domain. The harness becomes part of the model.
Then a new frontier model raises the quality bar, and the loop starts again.
Improving a harness and benefiting from it are separate capabilities.
The evolver model reviews agent traces and writes updates to prompts, skills, or memory. The task-solving model has to retrieve those updates and follow them during execution.
A self-improvement loop could look like this:
1. A cheaper model clusters production failures and proposes harness updates.
2. Deterministic checks validate scope, schemas, conflicts, and completion conditions.
3. High-risk updates receive human or frontier-model review.
4. Updates are tested against historical logs.
5. The serving model is evaluated on whether it retrieves and follows them.
Self-improvement is partly a knowledge-writing problem, but mostly an execution-system problem.
The strongest economically viable model in the execution path, then optimize the evolution path for throughput and cost.
Another good findding from this paper is that a mid-tier model with strong instruction following, tool use, and skill invocation could produce the largest performance-per-dollar improvement after harness optimization.
Agent evaluation should separate:
1. Selection: Did the model identify the right skill or tool?
2. Invocation: Did it call it using the correct schema?
3. Interpretation: Did it understand the returned instructions?
4. Execution: Did it follow them?
5. Validation: Did it confirm that the task was complete?
Also i think how the paper separates metrics for skill retrieval and skill adherence is useful:
- Skill-load rate: Was the relevant harness artifact brought into context?
- Harness-following rate: Once loaded, did the model follow it?
- Pass-when-loaded: Did following the loaded artifact produce a successful result?
Harness Updating Is Not Harness Benefit: Disentangling Evolution Capabilities in Self-Evolving LLM Agents
arxiv.org/pdf/2605.30621