In the Elon Musk biography, Isaacson tells of a poker game where Musk went all-in every time until he won. It's an analogy for how Musk - in Peter Thiel's words - "understands something about risk that everybody else doesn't", and how he's able to create companies that seemed impossible to everyone else. I think the thing that Musk understands about risk that everybody else doesn't is what David Deutsch calls The Principal of Optimism. P.O.O: Anything which is not prohibited by the laws of physics is possible given sufficient knowledge. Musk has often referred to the laws of physics being the only constraint, like here: xitter.cf/elonmusk/status/165204… Why is this interesting? Personally, I think the Principal of Optimism is one of the most significant discoveries in Philosophy made this century. Anytime you face a difficult problem, you can ask: "Do the laws of physics say solving this problem is impossible?" If the answer is no, then you know that there's only one thing in between you and the solution: knowledge. And thanks to Karl Popper in the 20th century, we know the only way to create knowledge is through trial and error. Conjecture and refutation. Guess and check, and guess again. You see this philosophy in action at SpaceX. They got through 3 or 4 rockets before landing their first Falcon in 2015. Trial and error. And we all watched recently as they launched and blew up the biggest rocket to ever leave the Earth, yet calling it a "success" for simply detaching Starship from the booster. Guess and check, and guess again. And so in this way, even the most seemingly outlandish problems like landing (or catching) rockets falling from space become tractable issues to be solved by a small dedicated team. While all the greatest entrepreneurs are singular individuals, on a deeper level, they all share a common trait: they don't take anyone's word for it. The only constraint they impose on themselves is that imposed on them by the laws of physics. They're all guided by the same principal. The Principal of Optimism.