G.D. Sanders retweeted
Codex is one of the most important untold stories in the history of technology.
A year ago, it was a scrappy effort in a quiet corner of @OpenAI. Its cloud product hadn’t found PMF, and the team was starting over from scratch.
Less than 12 months later:
- Codex swallowed the flagship ChatGPT desktop app from the inside (it literally runs as com.openai.codex on your Mac)
- Codex and ChatGPT for Work hit 40M+ weekly users across engineering and knowledge work
- Its leader @thsottiaux was elevated to run all of OpenAI’s core products, including ChatGPT, Codex, and the API
How did they pull it off?
They trained their own dedicated model line, separate from ChatGPT, with researchers and product builders sitting on the same team
They built four different products in a single year (cloud → terminal → IDE sidebar → a desktop app with no code editor at all) as every model leap made a new form factor possible
They used Codex to build Codex—so a handful of people could prove a new product in weeks instead of arguing for it in meetings
I had a front-row seat to the whole arc—from their failed Cloud launch, to OpenAI’s offices the night before GPT-5 dropped, to the day Codex took over ChatGPT.
And I spent months interviewing @gdb, @thsottiaux, @embirico, @mia_glaese, @aambrosino, and @edbayes to get inside how it all went down.
Here is the full, behind-closed-doors story of the team that remade OpenAI:
every.to/p/how-codex-happene…
We’re pushing the boundaries of how stories like this are told.
This piece is completely agent-native—designed to be read alongside your agent inside ChatGPT’s in-app browser:
- Every interview transcript is included in full: Click any quote and you (or your agent) can see the exact conversation it came from.
- Built for your agent to explore: Ask your agent to pull out product lessons for your team, cross-examine the transcripts, or find insights I missed when writing the piece.
It’s a story about the future of software—built to be read with an agent:
every.to/p/how-codex-happene…
G.D. Sanders retweeted
I had no signal at all inside the stadium. THIS WAS THE BEST SPORTING EVENT I’VE EVER BEEN TO! We were sitting in the Oklahoma section, goosebumps throughout the entire 4th quarter!!!!
G.D. Sanders retweeted
After a brief but institution-eroding slop science era, it increasingly looks like we are going to have two revolutions from AI:
1) Everything ever published will be re-read and re-judged in ways that human scientists never anticipated
2) Novel discoveries will start to come fast
We’re releasing a broad range of new mathematical results produced by an internal frontier model.
We’ve been consulting with the independent Advisory Group on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence at the Institute for Advanced Study, and we have drawn on their advice and public recommendations to inform how we release these results.
github.com/openai/math
G.D. Sanders retweeted
We'll be spending a lot more time trying to understand the outputs of language models. A few thoughts, tips & tricks:
Writing. Something I've had success with: Ask your LLM to explain something in ASD-STE100, it's a controlled language specification originally developed for aerospace maintenance documentation. LLMs well-versed in this language and it comes with heavy constraints on clean writing style that I often find a lot more readable. Sometimes I've tried to soften it a bit e.g. ask for "80% of the way to ASD-STE100" because the spec is quite stringent. But even better:
Diagrams / images. Instead of writing, ask your LLM to create a diagram. These can be a lot easier to process, parse, and understand. But even better:
Web pages. Ask for output "in HTML" to get a beautiful, interactive webpage. LLMs are getting really good at frontend and can create beautiful experiences, animations, etc. But even better:
Explainer videos. The output format I am most bullish on is fully custom / bespoke explainer videos generated on any arbitrary topic. Experiment with things like "Create a 3b1b style video explainer on X. Use my ElevenLabs API key for audio narration". (you'd need an API key for the latter or you can ask your LLM to find you decent free alternatives that use your local compute). This is actually starting to work!
In summary:
- As LLMs get better, they will do more and more of the legwork autonomously, and a lot more of our work will rise up the abstractions into oversight and understanding.
- Luckily, LLMs can help here too because as intelligence and code are increasingly abundant, you can ask for large, custom, discardable software artifacts (e.g. web apps, video explainers) that would have never made sense to create before. Push the boundaries here and you'll be surprised.
“We are looking at a period of rapid change. Certainly as big as the smartphone, likely as big as the internet, possibly as big as railroads, perhaps as big as electrification.”
G.D. Sanders retweeted
My conversation with Michael Moritz, one of the great venture investors of the last 40 years.
Michael joined Sequoia in 1986 and co-led the firm with Doug Leone (@dougleone) from 1995 to 2012. His investments include Google, Yahoo, PayPal, and Stripe.
His new book, Ausländer, traces his parents' escape from Nazi Germany and helps explain his lifelong interest in what shapes exceptional people.
We discuss:
- The infamous Steve Jobs profile
- Why Don Valentine hired him
- The question he finds most revealing when interviewing people
- Monomania and the cost of greatness
- Why he has never felt good at anything
- Writing, journalism and AI
- What he learned about himself writing Ausländer
I'd recommend watching this one if you can. Michael was incredibly thoughtful and reflective throughout, particularly when talking about his parents, childhood, and the more difficult parts of his personal story.
Enjoy!
TIMESTAMPS
0:00 Intro
0:53 Family History & Identity
7:03 Survival & Outsider Instinct
18:53 Studying Exceptional People
33:50 Self-Doubt & Success
41:17 Steve Jobs & Obsession
52:50 Joining Sequoia
1:03:22 Leadership & Alex Ferguson
1:08:25 Elon Musk & AI
1:17:12 Becoming Who You Are
G.D. Sanders retweeted
MUST WATCH: The incredible true story of the U.S. Air Force officer shot down in Iran, his heroic rescue, and his faith that sustained him.
The greatest military in the history of the world.
@60Minutes
Even before the 9/11 attacks, Col. Richard "Rick" Rescorla was a decorated war hero with a Silver Star from his actions in Vietnam.
25 years ago today, Rescorla saved 2,687 people and paid the ultimate sacrifice.
Here’s how it happened. 🧵
25 years later. 343 heroes. One promise.
We will #NeverForget.
On Friday morning, FDNY Commissioner Lillian Bonsignore, Chief of Department John Esposito and Mayor Zohran Mamdani laid a wreath at the Firemen's Memorial in Manhattan in honor of the 343 FDNY members who made the Supreme Sacrifice on September 11, 2001, at Manhattan Box 5-5-8087 World Trade Center.
G.D. Sanders retweeted
Windows on the World: Interior
Floors 106 & 107, North Tower, World Trade Center, New York City.
G.D. Sanders retweeted
Andrew Wimsatt spent his life figuring out how to make things last longer.
Roads, bridges, tunnels, pavement, friendships.
He held three civil engineering degrees from the University of Texas at Austin, spent 18 years at TxDOT, ten of them as Fort Worth District Pavement Engineer, and in 2006 joined the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, where he eventually ran the Materials and Pavements Division and its $9 million annual research program. He worked on ground-penetrating radar, nondestructive testing, asset management.
Describing the work once, he said the real challenge wasn't building new things; it was making what we already have last longer.
Andrew made what we already have last longer.
He was an obsessive live-music fan who would fly across the country to see a band. He loved Slowdive. In 2023 he was recommending "Souvlaki" and "everything is alive" to anyone who'd listen, singled out their cover of Syd Barrett's "Golden Hair," and admitted that when he heard them play it at FYF in 2014, he teared up. In 2016, when bad weather killed Levitation and Slowdive threw together a surprise show at the Scoot Inn, Andrew happened to be sitting at his computer and grabbed two $7.50 tickets in the roughly two minutes before it sold out. Then he recorded the entire set on his iPhone for a friend.
He made music too. He'd been in bands with Karl Rehn since high school, engineered their home cassette recordings in the early 1980s, and in 1990 released "Reflections" under the name the Andrew Wimsatt Ensemble, cut at Sixth Street Studio. He and Rehn made music videos that ran for years on Austin's ACTV, and contributed to the score of a 1994 documentary about Barton Springs.
Then there was the archiving, which is maybe the most Andrew thing about him. He clipped television. Constantly, expertly, for free, for people he admired. The Fifth Column crew (@wethefifth) called him "Busty Wimsatt" and, in their newsletters, "ever-alert," "indefatigable," and at least once "American hero." @MattWelch called him their most devoted cliphawker. Andrew painstakingly uploaded old episodes of "The Independents" so they wouldn't disappear. He clipped @KatTimpf's Fox appearances for her Locals community. He sent @walterkirn clips of Kirn's own jokes.
"Boy did I feel special," Kirn wrote today. "Not many strangers will go out of their way to give another that kind of encouragement."
He was not, for the record, employed by any of these people.
He contributed old photographs to @iowahawkblog's Dave's Car ID Service. He was a fixture in Austin's science fiction community and once drove Howard Waldrop home from Worldcon. He was an executive producer of Penn Jillette and Adam Rifkin's "Director's Cut," and appears in it, briefly, as "Greeting Cop." He hosted a regular libertarian beer gathering at the Johnny Cash-themed bar Mean Eyed Cat. He was, per @JTLonsdale, one of University of Austin’s (@uaustinorg) original small donors. He bought a camouflage "No Step on Snek" hat at a Texas gun show this summer and his friends heard about it.
The man lived.
He lived in Cambridge Towers, a 1965 midcentury modern building near the Capitol. Punk rock, pop surrealism, midcentury furniture, a gentle Southern manner. He loved salt to a degree his friends used as a unit of measurement.
He was, by every single account, one of the kindest people anyone had met.
@greggutfeld: supremely gentle, willing to do just about anything for another person.
@PlanetTyrus: always positive, physically slight, with a monster laugh.
@NancyRomm says he once gave her the jacket off his back when she was getting hypothermic.
A friend of 13 years and dozens of concerts tells me he never once heard Andrew say an unpleasant thing about anyone.
Both his parents were English professors. His father, James, was a Chaucer scholar at UT Austin who died in 2023 at 96. His mother, Mary, took her doctorate at Duke, ran the Society for the Study of Southern Literature, held an endowed chair as McClintock Professor of Southern Letters at South Carolina, wrote the first full-length study of a nineteenth-century novelist almost nobody remembered, and spent five years on a public radio project designed to get ordinary people reading Faulkner and Welty.
His parents spent their careers recovering things other people had stopped reading. They taught their son to make things last longer.
His mother now has Alzheimer's and lives in a nursing home in Round Rock. Andrew helped care for his father at the end, and then her. His routine was to drive out, walk with her, and then take a second walk alone.
He photographed what he saw on his walks. His Instagram is herons -- wading, fishing, one caught mid-wingspan over the water -- plus hawks in bare branches, a squirrel wedged in a tree hollow, a snail on a brick wall, bluebonnets, and a lot of Texas sky at the second it went orange.
Two days before he died, he was at a friend's house for movie night, watching Mystery Science Theater 3000 do "The Crawling Hand."
He spent his whole life trying to make things last longer, and he was good at it, and he was doing it right up to the end -- the second walk of the morning, until he sat on a park bench in the morning sun.
He is survived by his siblings, Alison Ross and David Joseph Wimsatt. And by his mother, who he walked with that morning, and who does not know he isn't coming back next week.
G.D. Sanders retweeted
OK ok. MGI is here. We can call it. Generational, world changing work OpenAI, Anthropic, and SpaceX.
G.D. Sanders retweeted
GPT-6 Astra is here! This is a big moment for our research team - years of work on pretraining, reinforcement learning, and post-training have come together in our most capable and aligned model yet. It can build and test software, work across apps on your computer, and even help you take a crack at open scientific problems!
Capabilities that felt like grand challenges a few years ago have become tools people can actually use. One example is Computer Use - if you’ve tried this before and felt like it was too slow or not good enough, I encourage you to give it another shot. We’ve come a long way since Operator, and it “just works” now.
We’re also asking these systems to act on your behalf for more consequential work. Agents needs to stay aligned with your goals and values, think transparently, and respond to oversight even when tasks become difficult. We’ve made substantial progress on these behaviors in Astra, alongside stronger monitoring that can stop potentially unauthorized actions. That work is part of what makes this release possible.
I think alignment is one of the most important research frontiers in AI, and it remains far from solved. Our ability to understand and align models has to keep pace with model capabilities. We want to give people more room to think, build, and discover with increasingly powerful tools that remain *under their control*.
Huge thanks to the researchers and teams who got us here. There’s a lot more work ahead, and I’m incredibly excited about what we can make possible in the near future!
G.D. Sanders retweeted
Regret the tone of my post on data centers yesterday.
What I should have said:
There were reasonable concerns about data centers 18ish months ago: water, taxes, jobs, electricity prices, the environment and what they would do to small towns. Well-structured data center projects have largely addressed these concerns today and we should be celebrating this.
On balance, data centers are awesome for America in every way.
On water: U.S. data centers use a fraction of what golf courses use. A lot of the numbers from 18 months ago were off by over 1000x. Newer data centers use closed-loop systems or recycled water. Should be required by every town approving a data center project.
On taxes: looking only at sales-tax exemptions, as Ronan Farrow did, is the wrong way to evaluate this. Data centers pay significant property taxes. Loudoun County, which is the wealthiest county in America, now collects on the order of $1 billion a year from data centers. In Quincy, WA, data centers are more than half the property-tax roll. Over time, property taxes can go to zero while government spending increases in these towns.
On jobs: this has been unambiguously awesome for blue collar Americans. Demand for electricians, plumbers, welders, HVAC techs, and contractors has gone vertical, and it is not a one-time construction job. These buildings get upgraded and expanded over time. That is why the building trades are fighting for them, and why some unions are now treating opposition to data centers as a reason not to endorse politicians.
On power: the original fear was that households would pay for the incremental electricity demand in the form of higher prices. That is why the ratepayer-protection deals and the new large-load tariffs exist. The right structure is: the data center brings or pays for new generation and signs a contract long enough that existing customers are protected. Where that is happening, utilities are cutting or freezing residential rates and saying so on the record. Where it is not, people are right to object. Electricity prices are going down *today* in a number of large states because of data centers.
On the environment: data centers overwhelming use natural gas today, which is the cleanest power source outside of nuclear, solar and wind. And the companies that are building the data centers are committed to carbon neutrality such that an equivalent amount of solar will likely be built. Maybe more importantly, the data centers need batteries to function effectively and these batteries can also sell energy back into the grid (which recently prevented blackouts in Texas). Over time, data centers will run on solar plus batteries.
On the towns: Poverty in Quincy, WA fell from 29% to 6%. Data center taxes paid for a new high school, a hospital, a library, police and fire stations. This is happening in many left for dead former mill and farm towns that had no other bidder for the land.
Data centers are actually reindustrializing parts of America and creating the kind of working-class jobs both parties have spent decades claiming to support. That should not be a partisan issue. Data centers can and should be awesome for America and they increasingly, overwhelmingly are. Supporting the outsourcing of data centers to China will likely age just as well as support for the outsourcing of high quality, blue collar manufacturing jobs to China has aged.
When the facts change, I change my mind. I hope that reasonable people who had good faith reasons to oppose data centers at least consider updating their beliefs given the change in the facts over the last 18 months. This really matters for America.
I will say I also think the idea of making data centers beautiful is a good one that has yet to be implemented. Data centers should be just as beautiful as Grand Central Station. We can learn a lot from the railroad buildout. Neoclassical revival ftw.
Might write up open-weight AI tomorrow as this is equally essential to America.
G.D. Sanders retweeted
Cool idea
I predict that in 5-10 years every household will have a local AI server that serves all the AI workload of the house, digital or robotics. It’ll be as common as a WiFi router or a fridge
it creates a private mesh network to link all the devices in the house and does inference completely locally, with built in data vault resistant to remote data hacking or physical tampering. That way you can have every single piece of information about you and your family stored in there and never leaves it, and AI can use them to provide most accurate and customized services
G.D. Sanders retweeted
Interesting to see SaaS companies starting to report MCP usage on earnings calls:
- Datadog: MCP tool calls up 4x q/q, 22x since Q4 2025
- Figma: MCP write usage up 75% q/q
- Atlassian: MCP calls up 400% q/q
G.D. Sanders retweeted
An internal version of Astra, @OpenAI’s next major model family, solved 10 major open problems in mathematics, quantum complexity, and theoretical computer science.
We believe it will be a major step for scientific reasoning. openai.com/index/ten-advance…




































