
ALT Force generation in T and B cells. (A) Actin & microtubule cytoskeletal networks at the lymphocyte IS. The expansion depicts distinct cytoskeletal arrangements in T and B cells. (B,C) Spatio-temporal force generation in T and B cells. Left, heatmaps representing spatial force patterning. T and B cells show coordinated centripetal force patterning with the highest forces exerted towards the synapse periphery. Dotted red circles indicate actin-dependent 3D protrusive forces observed in T cells. B cells uniquely show a pool of central non-coordinated forces likely originating from protrusive actin patches. Right, force versus time graphs for different lymphocyte types [Jurkat CD4+ T cells plated on activating 1.2 kPa hydrogels, based on data from Hui et al. (2015), & primary human CD4+ T cells on micropillar arrays (spring constant: 1.4 nN/μm), based on data from Bashour et al. (2014) (B), & DT40 B cells interacting with antigen-coated 1 kPa hydrogels, based on data from Wang et al. 2018.





























