We are not just witnesses to this moment. We are ancestors. What we choose now will be inherited. 2025 reminded us that restoring Earth is possible— scientifically, collaboratively, and at scale. The path is long. But it’s open. 🌱 Let’s choose a beautiful Earth. #ReforestTheFuture #ClimateCrisis #NetZero #Conservation #GreenTech #Sustainability #ActNow

Every forest on Earth relies on the mighty yet minuscule biological technology of a seed. If you crack one open, here’s what you’ll find: - The embryo. This near-complete miniature plant has a root end and shoot end already formed, and sometimes even has the first two leaves folded up inside. - The food store. This nutrient base of starch, oil, and protein is packed around the embryo, with enough power to run the first days or weeks before its nutrient engine can spin up. - And the coat. Around the seed, a sealed, waterproof case closes it off from the outside world with a built-in lock for just-right conditions to germinate. But how does something that small become something that big? A redwood seed weighs about five milligrams, and is about 3 millimeters long, yet the tree it becomes can weigh over a thousand tonnes and tower 350 feet high. That mass doesn’t come from the seed, but out of the sky. A tree builds itself from carbon dioxide that is pulled in through the leaves, which is first made into sugar with sunlight and then into cellulose and lignin. The surrounding soil supplies water and minerals through its roots. But the seed itself runs the instruction program, and contains just enough fuel to get the first leaf into the sunlight. After that, the tree constructs itself out of thin air. First, the seed waits. A date palm seed from Herod's palace at Masada sat in a storeroom for roughly 2,000 years, when a botanist planted it. It sprouted. They named the tree Methuselah. It has since fathered fruit. How is this possible? A dry seed isn’t really alive or dead. Its water content has fallen so low that the inside stops being a liquid and becomes a kind of glass, the same physical state as a window pane. Molecules can barely move, so almost nothing can go wrong. Vitrification is how many seeds survive until the time is just right. While seeds wait, they measure. Timing is everything for a seed to germinate. To help it sprout at the right moment, a seed has sophisticated sensing abilities and the evolutionary intelligence to pinpoint itself in seasonal cycles. First, it senses and counts the cold. An oak or maple seed won't germinate until it has logged enough hours near freezing. That's how it knows winter actually happened and not just paused. Second, it reads light through the soil. Not brightness, but the ratio of red to far-red light, which says whether there's a canopy overhead or open sky. Finally, it measures depth. Surface soil swings warm and cold every day; ten centimeters down it barely moves. The seed feels the size of the swing and knows how far it has to climb to break through the surface. Yet, most rainforest seeds can't wait long. Their seeds never dry, never go glassy, and die within weeks if they can’t germinate. The forests that need rebuilding most are the ones whose seeds are hardest to keep. Take some time to wonder at the small but mighty power of the humble seed. Every forest you've ever walked through, and every forest yet to grow, passes through these remarkable engines of life. #nature #science #forests #seeds

In Borneo, the largest trees in the forest only reproduce every few years, all at once. Dipterocarps are 60-meter giants that release enormous crops of seeds at a time that only have days to germinate. For the teams working to collect these seeds for native forest restoration, this collection window is unpredictable and extremely short. Dry spells, sometimes combined with cooler temperatures, can cue a wave of flowering across many species. Winged seeds cover the forest floor ankle-deep until the germination window closes and they return to the soil. This is more the rule in tropical forests than the exception. A large percentage of rainforest trees produce seeds that are sensitive to moisture levels. If they dry out, they die. Botanists call these recalcitrant seeds, and they present a real challenge for tropical forest restoration in that traditional preservation techniques don’t work. These seeds need to be caught in season, cleaned, and sown within days or weeks. That work requires skilled teams on the ground who have a deep understanding of local ecosystems. It also requires infrastructure like nurseries where these seeds can be planted and hardened, and the water supply to keep everything growing. In the places that need forest restoration the most, seed supply chains like this are rarely in place. The path to bringing the world’s degraded lands back to life passes through these tiny seeds, collected and planted with care. To grow a forest, you have to start small. #forestrestoration #nature #nativeseeds

Zay Harding from The Visioneers on CBS WKND visited our headquarters to see how we’re restoring native forests in Hawaiʻi. 🌱 Johannes Seidel, our Director of Hawaiʻi Forestry Operations, guides Zay through the full journey of one of our native plants, the ʻukiʻuki, from seed to out-planting. In this short documentary, you can step inside our nursery where our team cares for 35 species of native plants, and see how seedlings are prepared for life beyond the nursery. Then, head out to our ʻŌhiʻa Lani at Waikoekoe restoration site, where Zay gets his hands in the soil and plants an ʻukiʻuki that will grow alongside other native plants as the forest returns. 🌿 Reforesting the future can bring back critical native forests ecosystems, and all the benefits they bring: a stable climate, fresh water, cleaner air, a home for wildlife, and an engine for local economies. Check out the full episode here: cbs.com/shows/video/ALVE01M3…

Two scientists found a tree stump in New Zealand with no leaves that appeared dead, yet the surrounding forest was keeping it alive. On the North Island, a kauri stump was all that was left of a tree that was cut decades ago. By every visible sign, it shouldn't have been alive. But one of the researchers noticed fresh bark growing over the cut, and decided to investigate. First, they clipped sap-flow sensors to the stump and to the living kauri trees beside and found water moving through the stump. This doesn’t happen in dead wood. They also discovered something even stranger. The stump was moving water at night, and going quiet in the daytime. Living trees move water during the daytime, when transpiration through the leaves pulls water columns up through the xylem. The stump has no leaves, and was on an opposite schedule. The researchers discovered that the roots of the stump had grafted onto the roots of the trees beside it, a common find among the kauri species. During the daytime, the stump was on the losing end of the water suction of its neighboring trees, but at night transpiration stopped and the pressure in the shared root system rose, pushing waters and sugars into the stump itself. The insight here is that forests are deeply interconnected systems, with individual trees supporting one another through nutrient sharing and shared stability underground. This is why deforestation and degradation can harm the forest system more than what’s merely visible above the soil, and why plantation-style ‘forests’ can’t reach the resilience of native ecosystems. #forests #nature #science

This is the Amazon rainforest from space. The orange regions represent territories managed by the 1.5 million Indigenous people who call this forest home across Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Look closely, and you’ll see a pattern. These areas often coincide with the healthiest forested areas that remain in the Amazon basin. Inside these Indigenous regions of the Amazon, deforestation rates fall by more than half. People who live inside a forest and depend on it for food, water, medicine, and culture, understand the true value of these ecosystems, and have watched over them for generations. Forests pull significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the air, making them critical carbon sinks that help stabilize our planet’s climate. They are also biodiversity hotspots. Yet here, in the largest tropical rainforest in the world, deforestation is threatening to turn the Amazon into a net carbon source as fire and logging return CO2 to the atmosphere, and is disappearing some of the richest and diverse habitats of wildlife we have left. Globally, Indigenous people hold tenure over roughly 36% of the forests that are still intact. Their stewardship is critical to slowing climate change, protecting biodiversity, and preserving ancient forests that humanity has called home for millennia. Image source: NASA #Indigenous #Amazon #forests #conservation #nature

No part of an ecosystem exists in isolation. On the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi, native birds like the ʻakikiki, ʻanianiau, and Kauaʻi ʻamakihi face growing threats as temperatures rise. Mosquitoes carrying avian malaria are moving into higher elevations that once provided refuge for Hawaiʻi’s vulnerable native birds. As that safe zone shrinks, so does the habitat where these species can survive. Restoring Kauaʻi’s native forests is one important piece of protecting these birds, by creating a habitat where they can find food, shelter, and space to recover. Birds, in turn, help forests thrive through pollination, seed dispersal, and unique relationships that have evolved over thousands of years. Healthy forests need native birds, and native birds need healthy forests. Watch our interview with @hawaiiaudubon to learn how the future of Kauaʻi’s forests can still be filled with native birdsong: refore.st/4x4Keqj Help grow a native forest in Hawaiʻi: refore.st/45Y4Y7W #EcosystemRestoration #Biodiversity #Wildlife

Half the world’s forests are gone or degraded. Here’s what happens when you bring one back to life: Day 0: Picture a former pasture landscape with compacted soil under a scorching sun. A forest restoration team plants a diverse mix of seedlings that have been hardened in a nearby nursery, grown from a stock of native seeds meticulously collected from nearby forests. Months of work, including land agreements and community co-design, go into each planted sapling. Day 1: Hundreds of seedlings provide small areas of shade and are already absorbing carbon dioxide while releasing water vapor into the air. Month 1: Roots begin exploring the surrounding soil. Many seedlings establish or expand partnerships with fungi that help them access nutrients. Year 1: As the trees begin to significantly grow, they begin to offer perches, shelter, and eventually food to birds and other wildlife, which can carry additional seeds to other parts of the landscape. 40 maturing tree species are beginning to have a measurable influence on ground temperature and moisture levels. The first dry season: Some young trees die, while others struggle. The restoration team monitors survival, controls competing vegetation, and replaces losses where needed. Year 3: Fast-growing trees begin closing the canopy to create shaded areas that let other species flourish. Strong roots begin to protect the soil from erosion. Year 10: The ecosystem becomes more complex, and growing trees store more and more carbon. Independently verified removals generate credits that help finance continued restoration and protection. Landscape restoration begins to influence rainfall. Year 30: A remarkable amount of life returns to the forest, up to 90% of old-growth levels. The forest is now resilient to threats from climate-induced wildfire and drought. The boundaries of the restoration area are spreading far beyond the project scope. Local communities now depend on the many ecosystem services the new forest provides. Year 100: Large, fully-mature trees and old-growth structures now dominate the landscape, helping stabilize the climate, creating a haven for biodiversity, and anchoring community well-being for its generational stewards. A forest doesn’t wait until it is “finished” to start helping. Its benefits build as it grows. #forestrestoration #nature #regeneration

Have you ever stood under a California Redwood and wondered how something that massive stays alive? The mechanism was only proved in the 1990s, and broke physics as we knew it. Redwoods are giants that can stand over 300 feet tall. However, their root systems are shockingly shallow. Most of the root mass is found within the first few feet of topsoil. Here, fine root hairs absorb water through osmosis, and the droplets begin their long journey to the top. For context, our best artificial suction pumps can’t lift water more than about 30 feet. So, how does a Redwood raise water 10x higher? Inside the tree’s xylem, a bundle of dead and hollow cells, water forms a thin unbroken thread stretching from root to needle. At the top of the tree hundreds of feet in the air, water evaporates through tiny pores, pulling the next water molecule up behind it and moving the whole column like pulling a rope. Inside the tree, pressures reach up to minus 20 bar, meaning the water itself should boil away. However, this razor-thin thread of water molecules is so clean that there’s nowhere for a bubble to form. This process, called cohesion-tension, was first proposed in 1894 to much controversy. It was believed that water under this much tension is metastable, meaning just one disturbance would snap the chain and reset the process. It wasn’t until the 1990s that direct measurements made inside a living tree helped settle the debate. But redwoods have another way to stay hydrated in their California climate. They drink directly from the sky. Researchers from UC Berkeley have shown these trees absorb water from fog through their needles. This process, called foliar uptake, provides extra moisture and helps ease water stress and tension within the xylem. Incredibly, all of these thin columns of water quietly gliding upward can lift up to 500 gallons of water a day to the top of a giant California Redwood every single day. This is one of the most efficient and powerful "water pumps" known to science, and it’s been operating for over 100 million years. #redwoods #California #forests #science #nature

🌳 🧠 Forest ecosystems are astounding examples of natural intelligence (NI). Here’s a list of what they can do, ranked by how much they sound like a lie. 1. They can count. Trees in temperate forests won’t grow their leaves until they’ve experienced enough hours below 5 degrees Celsius. This is called a chilling requirement, and buds won’t open no matter how warm spring gets until this requirement is met. 2. They can tell the time. Phytochrome proteins in tree leaves precisely measure the length of the day to the minute. 3. They remember, and adapt. English oak trees that were damaged by caterpillars one year will open their leaves 3 days later the next spring to miss the hatch. 4. They share warnings with each other. Bruised acacia trees pump tannin into its leaves that releases ethylene, which triggers trees downwind to do the same within minutes to keep animals from eating them. 5. They share food, too. Expansive underground mycorrhizal networks move carbon from well-lit trees to shaded ones, and from dying trees to living ones. Even stumps can be kept alive for decades through this communal process. 6. They create their own weather. Evapo-transpiration lifts trillions of tonnes of water into the air around the world, condensing into rains that sustain ecosystems thousands of miles away. 7. They use lightning as a weapon. The almendro tree in Panama conducts lightning strikes through its trunk and into the soil of its surrounding neighbors, killing competitors and even stripping off vines that choke its growth, boosting seed output by roughly 14 times. 8. They record the sun’s activity. Scientists used trees alive in 774 to validate a monster solar storm that spiked tree rings from Japan to Newfoundland. 9. They stabilize the climate: Since 1990, global forests have taken in nearly 3.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere per year. That’s almost 30% of human emissions over the same period. Healthy forests are critical for a livable climate. 10. They enable wildlife intelligence. Forests are home to more than 80% of land-based species. A single hectare of tropical forest holds more tree species than all of Europe, and that diversity allows countless niche species to thrive. Natural intelligence is the true super intelligence. Let’s treat it with respect, and care. 🌱 #nature #AI #forests #wildlife

Forests are friends. Here’s some of the things trees did for you today: 🫁 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐚𝐢𝐫. Forests remove pollutants from the air in your lungs. In the US alone, trees remove more than 20 million tonnes of air pollution a year, preventing hundreds of deaths and hundreds of thousands of asthma attacks. 🚰 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫. 75% of the world's accessible freshwater comes from forested watersheds. 🍽️ 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐝. Pollinators enable more than $577 billion of the world's crop output every year, and many of them live in forests. 🌳 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐭. Forests hold topsoil in place. Globally more than 24 billion tonnes of topsoil are lost every year, and degraded land already costs the world trillions a year in economic output. 🌧️ 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧. Forests pump water into the sky. A single tree in the Amazon moves hundreds of liters of water into the air each day, which falls on farms that feed the continent. 😅 𝐊𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐥. Healthy forest canopies cool the air beneath it by several degrees. Increasing tree cover to 30% in European cities would prevent about a third of heat-related deaths. 🌊 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞. Mangroves alone prevent roughly $65 billion in flood damage a year by keeping storm surges at bay. 🌎 𝐒𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧. Forest ecosystems stabilize the climate by regulating carbon dioxide. Forests absorb more than 7.6 billion tonnes of CO2 a year, around 1.5x what the US emits. 🦜 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐚 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞. 80% of land-based biodiversity lives in forests. Deforestation is driving extinction risk for around a million species. 🧬 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥. Forest branches shaped the way your hands grip. Navigating trees and the ripeness of forest foods kept your eyes forward and seeing full color. Primates spent 60 million years in trees. Your body was designed for forests. Consider hugging a tree today. They’ve been hugging you back. #treeshugback #nature #forests #science

‘You can’t put a price on nature.’ That thinking has held back the environmental movement for decades. Pricing the true value of healthy ecosystems can help protect and restore them. For every dollar the world spends protecting or restoring nature, more than $30 is spent on activities that degrade it. The result has been catastrophic: • Wildlife populations down 73% since 1970. Freshwater species down 85%. • Wild mammals are now 4% of mammal biomass on Earth. Humans and livestock are the other 96%. • Around a million species face extinction. • A third of the world's forest is gone. Only 40% of what remains is intact. • 2024 saw the worst tropical primary forest loss on record: 6.7 million hectares, with fire as the leading cause. • Africa's forests have been a net carbon source since 2010. • Wetlands down 22% since 1970, with another fifth at risk by 2050. • 84% of the world's coral reefs bleached between 2023 and 2025, the most extensive event ever recorded. The source of this crisis stems from our reluctance to place proper economic value on nature. If we could price the many ecosystem services that forests alone provide, our future could look radically different. Here’s a quick list of what that value looks like around the world: • Over half of global GDP, about $44 trillion, depends moderately or heavily on nature. • Forests hold 80% of terrestrial biodiversity. • More than 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods; in some communities forest foods supply up to 80% of daily protein. • Three quarters of the world's accessible freshwater comes from forested watersheds. • The Amazon's rain alone is worth about $20 billion a year to Brazilian farms. • Up to $577 billion in annual crop output depends on animal pollinators. • Land degradation costs the global economy an estimated $18 to 20 trillion a year, and erosion strips 24 billion tonnes of topsoil annually. Tree cover is the cheapest thing that stops it. • US trees alone remove 22 million tonnes of air pollution a year, avoiding 850 deaths and $8.5 billion in health costs. • Mangroves prevent roughly $65 billion in flood damage every year. Nature built the original infrastructure for human civilization. We have never paid to maintain it. It's time to see forests, wetlands, and oceans for what they are: public infrastructure. Like roads. Like electricity. Like fresh water. Let's fund them like we believe it. #forests #natureisinfrastructure #environment

There is a tree in Panama that gets struck by lightning on purpose and comes out ahead. Dipteryx oleifera, the almendro, is a canopy emergent that stands above its neighbors in the lowland forests of Barro Colorado Island. Tall trees get hit more often, which should be a liability. A 2025 study that tracked strikes with a camera and antenna array over several years found the opposite. Almendros survived direct hits with almost no damage. The trees around them did not. The numbers are lopsided. A single strike killed on average 9 neighboring trees and cleared roughly 80 percent of the lianas climbing the almendro's own trunk. Lianas are woody vines that compete for light and can weigh down and eventually kill a host. Neighbors compete for the same canopy space. The strike removed both. The almendro's crown was intact. The mechanism appears to be conductivity. Almendro wood carries current with low resistance, so the energy passes through the trunk and into the ground with little heating, then arcs to adjacent trees through touching branches and vines, where it does the damage. The tree functions as a lightning rod that discharges into its competitors. The payoff compounds. The study estimated that lightning strikes raised an almendro's lifetime seed production by a factor of roughly 14, because every strike opens the canopy around it and removes its parasites. Tall almendros were hit about every 50 to 60 years, which over a lifespan of several centuries means multiple free clearings. Tropical forests are the most lightning-struck ecosystems on Earth, and lightning frequency is rising with warming. Most models treat that as a pure mortality term. This is a species that evolved to run the other way. #forestfacts #nature #science #lightning

Trees recorded a solar storm in the year 774 that no human wrote down, and archaeologists now use it as a calendar. In 2012 a Japanese physicist named Fusa Miyake measured the carbon-14 content of individual annual rings in Japanese cedar and found a spike in the ring for 774-775 CE about 20 times larger than normal year-to-year variation. Carbon-14 forms when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the upper atmosphere, and trees absorb it in their leaves along with ordinary carbon and lock it into that year's wood. A spike that size meant something had flooded the atmosphere with high-energy particles for a few months. The best explanation is a solar particle storm many times stronger than anything in the instrumental record, including the 1859 Carrington event that set telegraph lines on fire. The same spike appears in the 774 ring of oaks in Germany, bristlecone pines in California, and kauri in New Zealand. The signal is global and it is exact to the year, because a tree lays down one ring per year and does not skip. Several more of these events have since been found, including one in 993-994 CE. That one turned out to be useful. In 2021 a team dated wood from the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. The pieces had been cut with metal tools, which Indigenous peoples of the region did not use, so they were Norse. Radiocarbon dating alone gives a range of decades. Instead the team counted rings outward from the 993 spike to the bark edge and got the year the tree was felled: 1021 CE. Not approximately. Exactly. It is the first precise date for a European presence in the Americas, and it came from the fact that a tree in Newfoundland and a cedar in Japan both wrote down the same solar storm. Every old tree is doing this now. The rings forming this year in every forest on Earth are recording the current solar cycle, this El Niño, and the carbon we put into the air. Whether anyone reads them depends on the trees still standing when someone wants to know. #forestfacts #nature #science

The Blue Ridge Mountains are blue because the trees are exhaling. The haze that gives the range its name is made of isoprene, a hydrocarbon that oak, poplar, and other broadleaf trees release from their leaves on hot days. Isoprene reacts with sunlight and oxidants in the air to form microscopic particles. Those particles scatter short-wavelength light, the same physics that makes the sky blue, and a forested valley full of them turns blue from a distance. The Great Smoky Mountains earned their name the same way. The scale is large. Global forests emit roughly 500 million tonnes of isoprene a year, more than all human hydrocarbon emissions combined. A single mature oak on a 30°C afternoon can release several grams an hour. Trees do this because isoprene appears to protect the photosynthetic machinery inside leaves from heat stress. The haze is a byproduct of the tree keeping itself cool. The part that matters for climate is what the particles do next. They act as seeds for cloud droplets. Water vapor in clean air struggles to condense without a surface to condense onto, and forest-generated aerosols supply that surface in enormous quantities. Field campaigns over the Amazon have measured cloud droplet counts several times higher downwind of intact forest than over cleared land, with the difference traced to biogenic particles. The forest produces the water vapor through transpiration, and then produces the particles that turn that vapor into cloud. It manufactures both ingredients. Clear the forest and both supplies drop at once. Downwind rainfall falls, and the remaining forest gets drier and emits less, which is the beginning of a loop that is hard to exit. The reason this matters this week is a very strong El Niño and a fire season in Indonesia already ahead of 2015. Smoke aerosols also seed clouds, but they do it badly, producing many small droplets that are slow to fall as rain. Forest haze makes rain. Fire haze suppresses it. Same mountains, different exhale, opposite weather. Next time you see a blue ridge from a distance, you are looking at a forest doing atmospheric chemistry at a scale no industrial process matches.

The new overshoot report from @UNEP has been read as bad news. Read the removals chapter and it says something else: there is no path back to 1.5°C without a lot more forest. The numbers, from the report itself. Carbon removal has to grow from about 2.2 gigatons of CO2 a year today to 2.7 to 4.1 by 2035 and 6.5 to 13.3 by 2050. Delay mitigation and the 2100 requirement climbs to 8 to 23.6 gigatons a year. Of the removal happening right now, mechanical methods account for 0.1 percent. The rest is trees. Reforestation and afforestation are already pulling down more than 2.2 gigatons a year, and the report's central estimate has them reaching 5.6 gigatons a year by 2050. That should end the argument, held in some corners of the climate movement, about whether forests are a legitimate part of the solution. They are the part that exists. The predictable objections, answered in advance: Removals do not replace cuts. The report is explicit that removals are futile without steep emissions reductions. Both, at once, is the only pathway. Mechanical carbon removal is welcome. It is at 0.1 percent. Godspeed to everyone scaling it. Trees can use the help. Forests die, sometimes unexpectedly. Removals are a net figure: carbon gained minus carbon lost when a planting fails and has to be redone. The net is still more than 2 gigatons a year. Growing climate-resilient native forest is how you keep the losses small. This is not a license to plant monocultures for carbon. The forests that hold carbon for a century are the ones that also hold biodiversity, water, and a livelihood for the people living next to them. Those are the same forest. The barriers to scaling this are enormous. Seed supply, trained teams, early-stage finance, land tenure, a very strong El Niño arriving this year. They are also the kind of barriers that yield to infrastructure and money, and the report just put a gigaton figure on why both should show up. #climate #naturebasedsolutions #forests #carbonremoval #trees