"The challenge lies in distinguishing "coordinated information manipulation operations from investigative journalism, critical expression and legitimate political dissent." The text notes that restrictive measures must rest on "a clear legal basis and respect the principles of necessity, proportionality and transparency," while also stressing the importance of strengthening the credibility of institutions, the independence of the media and citizens' ability to "weigh competing narratives" in order to form an informed judgment. With a view to strengthening information resilience, the report sets out several recommendations for states, regional organizations, digital platforms and civil society actors. For example, it calls for the establishment of a "permanent cooperation mechanism between Europe and Africa through information sharing, monitoring and early warning on coordinated disinformation campaigns." Cooperation with digital platforms should also promote the detection of coordinated campaigns, transparency in recommendation systems, researchers' access to relevant data, and moderation better suited to national and local languages, the report recommends. At the same time, its authors call for sustained support for independent media, fact-checking organizations, researchers and local media literacy initiatives." #IFIM @eu_eeas @coe @ecowas_cedeao @aliounetine16 @afrikajom @Financialafrik