ALT Mg implants promote early inflammation and angiogenesis but not fibrosis in tissues. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.014

ALT Multiscale characterization is essential to better understand the hierarchical architecture of bone, and an array of analytical methods contributes to exploring structural and compositional aspects. Incorporating X-ray tomography, X-ray scattering, vibrational spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography alongside electron microscopy provides a comprehensive approach, offering insights into the diverse levels of organization within bone. X-ray scattering techniques reveal information about collagen-mineral spatial relationships, while X-ray tomography captures 3D structural details, especially at the microscale. Electron microscopy, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, extends resolution to the nanoscale, showcasing intricate features like collagen fibril organization. Additionally, atom probe tomography achieves sub-nanoscale resolution and high chemical sensitivity, enabling detailed examination of bone composition.

ALT If you were wondering how #dental #enamel resists years of damage/wear, the "enamel rods" are tightly packed, long structures composed of hydroxy(l)apatite nanowires. This highly organized pattern of enamel rods achieves exceptional durability and resistance to mechanical stress. Image shows enamel rods observed by scanning electron microscopy.

ALT Here is an example of a rat femur (endocortical surface) that was deproteinised for up to 4 hours using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Deproteinisation allows direct visualisation of the blood vessels (indicated in green) compared to intact areas (far left; separated by the dotted line).

ALT After in vitro culture for 24 hours, a human mesenchymal stem cell not only attaches to the surface of intentionally deproteinised bone but also appears to enter an empty lacuna previously occupied by an osteoblastic–osteocyte at the bone surface. Observed by scanning electron microscopy in the secondary electron mode at 5 kV accelerating voltage.

ALT This was one of the first focussed ion beam (FIB) lift-outs I attempted by myself – way, way back in the January of 2013. A cold, harsh, brutal winter of discontent!