That's a screenshot from the career section of my LinkedIn bio (link below). I was director of Liquid Pipelines (politically correct title for "oil" ). My team operated Keystone and designed Energy East. Energy east had a 1,000,000 barrel day design. That's the kind of volume necessary to be economic. The world's largest super tankers hold 2,000,000 barrels, and fill up in a day. Owners don't make money if a tanker sits in a harbour for a week, just getting loaded and unloaded. Hudson Bay is basically fresh water because it's the drainage for one sixth of the continent. Because it's fresh, it freezes over for about 7-8 months of the year. The ice is as thick as 6'. It's can't be kept open economically. Also, would you want 2,000,000 barrel tankers sailing in the ice fields???? Just getting there they have to dodge icebergs. As for the St-Lawrence seaway. It also shuts down for 3-4 months every year. A further constraint is that largest liquid carriers on the St-Lawrence only hold 30,000 to 40,000 barrels. They are limited by the size of the locks along the way . Engineering is not just about technical challenges. Engineering is about finding a suitable design within very complex constraints like economics, the environment, operability, and cost. Shipping oil via Hudson Bay or the St Lawrence is not a viable option. If it was, we'd already be doing it. As I said many times, even Energy East was barely economic. It was coming in at over $25 billion. If Energy East is to get built, it will need the support of the government without involvement by the government. We saw what happened with TransMountain. A $6 billion project ballooned to nearly $40 billion. Bonus section with economics: A barrel of oil costs $60. To be transported economically, it has to cost less than $5 to get to destination. Let's say Energy East owners charge $4/barrel. They have $2 in operating expenses and $1 in taxes. So the owners make $1/barrel profit. That's $1 million profit/day or $365/year. If the pipeline costs just $20 billion to build, it will take 54.8 years to recover the initial investment. See the problem? linkedin.com/in/martin-j-bel…