
ALT Top image: The potential roles of host-derived EVs and bacteria-derived OMVs in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Bacterial OMVs can enter the periodontal tissues via sites of injury, induce a reaction of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in host cells, activate immune cells and secretion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Bottom image: Microbial and immune cell derived EVs in periodontitis and key factors for translation of EVs in periodontology. OMVs derived from periodontal pathogens, such as A.a., P.g. and T.f., can trigger excessive inflammatory responses in the host leading to destruction. Similarly, M1-EVs have been shown to enhance bone loss. EVs originating from immune cells can also be potential targets for therapy, with M2-EVs and DC-EVs being shown to promote osteogenesis and reduce inflammatory bone loss.

























