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ALT The mechanisms of activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways by Tax. (A) Tax activates IKK complex through association with IKKγ (NEMO) and TAK1. Tax also binds to RNF8 and LUBAC, generating polyubiquitin chains to facilitate association between TAK1 and IKK. Activated IKK complex phosphorylates IκB targeting it for proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby releasing NF-κB. Tax associates with IκB and releases NF-κB. Tax also associates with RelA and c-Rel to enhance transcription. (B) Tax associates with and activates IKKα to phosphorylate p100, triggering limited proteolysis and generating p52. Tax also associates with and activates NIK to activate IKKα.

ALT Prof. Dr. Ferruccio Bonino Senior Research Associate, Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa Italy A pioneering hepatology researcher renowned for foundational breakthroughs in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of HBV, HDV, and HCV infections, shaping global viral hepatitis research.

ALT Prof. Dr. Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém do Pará - Brazil Her research focuses on viral hepatitis, retroviral co-infections, and infectious disease epidemiology in tropical populations. She is also Guest Editor for the TropicalMed special issue on hepatitis epidemiology and co-infections (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/tropicalmed/special_issues/Q03UKT9FUO).













