
ALT Wolbachia transinfection and possible cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) patterns: (A) Wolbachia transinfection can be preceded by an antibiotic treatment to cure the native (purple) Wolbachia infection; (B) Wolbachia transinfection can be conducted in naturally uninfected species, in Wolbachia-cured populations, or by adding a further Wolbachia strain to the native infection; (C) In suitable species, Wolbachia is transmitted vertically via the maternal cytoplasm; (D) A bidirectional CI pattern (Bi-CI) characterizes two different populations of the same species infected by reciprocally incompatible Wolbachia strains; (E) A unidirectional CI pattern (Uni-CI) characterizes crosses between a population harboring an incompatible Wolbachia strain (blue) and a population lacking this strain (gray), regardless of the fact that the two populations may share further Wolbachia strains.











