ALT Fig. 1. Projected accumulated frontal ablation for the Northern Hemisphere and different RGI regions for the remainder of the 21st century. Dashed lines exclude the amount of volume loss below the water level that has to be replaced by fresh water and thus does not contribute to GMSLR (ρfw is the density of fresh water: 1000 kg m−3). N is the number of GCMs used for the respective emission scenario. The 1 − σ std dev. of the GCM ensemble for scenarios SSP1 2.6 and SSP5 8.5 is displayed as shading. The right y-axes display gigatons (Gt) converted to mm SLE. Note the different scales for each region.

ALT Fig. 3. Frontal ablation fluxes computed by OGGM via the different calibration methods compared with solid ice discharge estimates from Bollen and others (Reference Bollen, Enderlin and Muhlheim2022) for three different periods: long-term median 1985–2018 (blue circles), 1985–98 median (orange stars) and 1999–2018 median (green squares): (a) ITSLIVE, (b) MEaSUREs and (c) RACMO-derived frontal ablation fluxes. Regression lines (solid lines) and statistics are shown in the upper part, we only show statistics for the first period (1985–98), i.e. percent of study area represented in the graph, regression slope, intercept, coefficient of determination (r 2), RMSD and bias. P-values are all smaller than 0.05. Gray solid lines represent slopes equal to 1 and intercepts equal to zero. Error bars are plotted in light gray and they represent 95% CI.