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ALT Fig. 1. (A) Map of the Kluane Plateau, including the seed collection area indicated yellow with a rough tree line in pink. The inset map points to the Kluane region in western North America. (B) Northward photo of the vegetative community on the Kluane plateau, roughly in the centre of the collection area (photo credit: Colin Bonner). Imagery source: Esri, Vantor, Earthstar Geographics, and the GIS User Community. Map created with QGIS (QGIS Development Team 2009).

ALT Total plant diversity was significantly higher in plots from which roots were removed than in both cut and sprayed plots and in plots that did not receive any Vincetoxicum rossicum treatment.

ALT Fig. 1. Chemical structures of the model naphthenic acid fraction compounds, auxins, and polar auxin transport inhibitors used in this study. (A) Single ring (SR) NAFC mixture of equal concentrations (mg/L) of 3-cyclohexanepropionoic acid (left), cyclohexanebutyric acid (middle), and cyclohexanepentanoic acid (right). (B) Decahydro-2-naphthoic acid (DH2NA). (C) 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (AdCA). (D) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). (E) Indole acetic acid (IAA). (F) 1-Naphthelene acetic acid (NAA). (G) 1-Naphthoxy acetic acid (NOA). (H) 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). NAFC, naphthenic acid fraction compounds.

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ALT Rhamnaceae is a globally distributed family of shrubs of which many species have been transported outside their native ranges.

ALT Fig. 1. Our study site in Mont Mégantic National Park (a) and focal plant species, Claytonia caroliniana (b). The yellow rectangle in (a) shows the approximate area on the east-facing slope of Mont St-Joseph within which study plots were located; the photo was taken on 1 May 2025, before the leaves of deciduous trees at low elevation had emerged, with some snow cover still visible in the high elevation coniferous forest. The individual in (b), photographed on 18 May 2017, has four open flowers, one with petals already dropped (bottom), and 3–4 unopened flower buds (behind the open flowers). Photographs were taken by Mark Vellend.

ALT Photomicrographs of articulated, anastomosed laticifers (asterisks) in the stems of Urticaceae species. (A) Boehmeria cylindrica. (B) Myriocarpa stipitata. (C) Phenax sonneratii. (D) Pilea cadierei. (E) Parietaria debilis. (F) Laportea aestuans. (G) Urera baccifera; arrow indicates laticifer branching. (H) Urtica dioica. All species possess articulated laticifers, and anastomoses are visible in all panels. Scale bars: A, F, G, H = 100 µm; B, C, E = 50 µm; D = 200 µm.

ALT Taxonomic tree showing the detection of BMAA and related isomers by both quantitative and discovery methods across green plants. β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA; •), N-2(amino)ethylglycine (AEG; ▪), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB; ▴) and β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA; ★) are indicated by symbols. Growth conditions are indicated by background colour. Major clades are represented by text colour.

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