Husband & father of 3. CEO of @Bullish; Formerly President of the @nyse. @georgetown alum, hometown Bowie, MD

Manhattan, NY
Joined September 2017
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Today, Bullish and @Equiniti launched the Issuer Sponsored Token Coalition. @AlpacaHQ, @ApexFintech and @DriveWealth are the first participants, bringing together leading brokerage, trading and market infrastructure firms to help advance issuer-sponsored tokenized securities. The coalition will develop the technical standards, infrastructure and operating frameworks needed for issuer-sponsored tokenized securities to scale alongside, and interoperate with, existing capital markets. The launch follows the SEC’s Sept. 17 Innovation Exemption, a five-year framework for on-chain trading of tokenized U.S.-listed stocks. Under the framework, venues must verify that token holders receive the same rights as holders of the underlying shares, while issuers can object to third-party tokenization. Issuer-sponsored tokens meet that standard by design. They are issued with the issuer's participation and connect directly to its shareholder register, preserving shareholder rights, corporate-action entitlements and investor protections. The coalition is open and non-exclusive, with additional participants to be announced in the coming weeks.
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Issuer Tokens are the way!
BREAKING: The SEC grants a five-year "Innovation Exemption" for tokenized securities venues, allowing blockchain platforms to list and trade real tokenized stocks with full shareholder rights.
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Great work by the @SECGov. Respects the role of the issuer and recognizes not all tokens are actually stock… This was worth the wait…
🚨 TODAY: The SEC issued an order granting temporary, conditional exemptive relief to Tokenized Securities Venues from the definition of “exchange” in the Exchange Act to trade tokenized NMS stock using innovative permissioned automated market makers and liquidity pools.
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This morning after the failure of the Clarity Act, I remembered the first real conversation I ever had about the future of blockchain and smart contracts in summer of 2013. @dwr said to me that he could envision a world where the stock markets moved onto public blockchains. Seemed crazy but not impossible. I was headed to go run the largest stock market in the world, the NYSE. I invested $10m in Coinbase as a bit of a hedge and to make sure I wasn’t missing a big trend. The Clarity Act originally came about when crypto volumes and the number of interesting tokens were booming. Let’s face it, we all thought we were headed towards a world with tons of important coins. Today the future of pure crypto is more circumscribed: bitcoin, a couple dozen important layer 1’s/2’s and a handful of productive projects. But the future of blockchain technology is far bigger and more interesting than most people foresaw even a year ago. In particular, tokenized securities including equity and debt are moving to public blockchains. The current projections are all way too low. There will be $150 trillion of assets on chain in 2035 and maybe sooner. Issuers will be in control of this transition and the issuers will have benefits that seemed Jetsons-esque a few years ago: the ability to know their holders; to reward them with rewards, discounts & enhanced voting rights and dividends; and to end naked short-selling. And then there is what is genuinely new. Lower cost structures unlock retail lending products that were previously institutional-only. Equities as tokens become building blocks: bundle them, recombine them, create investment products that simply couldn't exist before. 24/7, settlement, and transparency are table stakes. The more interesting story is what's next. Clarity Act doesn’t have much to do with any of this tbh. On my call with management this morning I lamented that we didnt get Clarity Act yesterday in particular because I thought tradfi big banks would invest more in crypto if they felt the security of federal legislation. But then I asked the team if not getting the bill hurts our existing business in a material way. The answer was no. In fact, some of the stuff in the bill scared me a bit like the prohibitions on stablecoin operators paying rewards. So, like, goodbye Clarity Act, we hardly knew you. With the world we are in in 2026 and not 2024, CLARITY still matters. Durable legislation would give the digital asset industry greater certainty. But even with legislation, the real work of implementation happens at the agencies, and agencies can move faster. For tokenized securities, the @SECGov innovation exemption and @CFTC rule changes may prove more consequential in the near term. They are where the role of the issuer, the issuer-sponsored token and the transfer agent will start to take shape. @Bullish will do its part. We will tokenize 3,000 issuers with the real thing: issuer tokens where the token is the stock itself and not any of this complicated stuff everyone else is writing white papers and drawing diagrams about. Here is our white paper “token = stock.” This is what the issuers and the investors want. I’ll tell you publicly what people are saying privately: issuer sponsored tokens are the best answer, not this soup of synthetic derivative products. Back to working to build the best institutional-grade systems for issuers in the world
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Bad day to be a Clarity Act doomer.
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I went through the SEC’s proposed TA rule. The SEC is moving at warp speed to embrace the modernization of markets and a future with a blockchain-based infrastructure. I also appreciate that they are embracing the important role that transfer agents play in modern markets.
TODAY🚨: The SEC proposed to update the rules and forms that apply to registered transfer agents. Read more: sec.gov/newsroom/press-relea…
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What Nikki says
This one is easy to miss, but it could end up being a really important rulemaking for tokenized securities. The SEC just proposed its first major update to the transfer agent rules in decades, and the proposal explicitly addresses the reality that securities are increasingly being recorded and transferred electronically, including on blockchain networks. Transfer agents aren't exactly the sexiest part of capital markets, but they sit right in the middle of one of the most important questions in tokenization: ⭐️Who is the official record of ownership when the security lives onchain?⭐️ The SEC is asking some very interesting questions around how transfer agent rules should work as securities move onchain, including whether digital wallet addresses and other digital identifiers should be usable in place of traditional information. This proposal has been more than a decade in the making. If you're building tokenized securities infrastructure, this is one I'd actually read. The comment period will be open for 60 days after publication in the Federal Register.
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Issuers HATE synthetic tokens. Since we announced @Equiniti acquisition we have been out talking to as many issuers as possible and are yet to find a single one who likes people marketing synthetics as “stock” of their company. One CFO of a well known company. told me last week they sent a cease and desist letter earlier that morning. But synthetics have at least proven demand for tokens. The next wave is issuer sponsored tokens. It is a big big wave.
Robinhood apparently is behind an effort related to “tokenized real-world assets including Stock Tokens” for AMC Entertainment (and supposedly 190+ other companies). They are not registered under U.S. securities laws !!!!!! I find this practice to be contemptible, outrageous, disgusting, detestable, inexcusable, vile. How can it possibly be legal? We have no connection to this at all, and do not condone it in any way. We immediately are going to have our outside securities counsel look into this. docs.robinhood.com/rhj Stock Tokens are not registered under U.S. securities laws and may not be offered, sold, or delivered, directly or indirectly, in the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons. Offers and sales of Stock Tokens are subject to restrictions in other jurisdictions, including, without limitation, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. A full list of the jurisdictions in which offers or sales are restricted or prohibited is available here: docs.robinhood.com/rhj Robinhood Assets (Jersey) Limited is a private limited company incorporated in Jersey, with its registered address at First Floor, La Chasse Chambers, Ten La Chasse, St. Helier, JE2 4UE, Jersey. The Issuer is registered under the registration number 162428. Stock Tokens have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time (the "Securities Act") or with any securities regulatory authority of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States. Stock Tokens may not be offered, sold or delivered within the United States to, or for the account or benefit of U.S. Persons (as defined in Regulation S under the Securities Act ("Regulation S")), and (ii) may be offered, sold or otherwise delivered at any time only outside of the United States and to transferees that are not U.S. Persons (as defined in Regulation S)…. ©2026 Robinhood Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Tom Farley retweeted
Robinhood apparently is behind an effort related to “tokenized real-world assets including Stock Tokens” for AMC Entertainment (and supposedly 190+ other companies). They are not registered under U.S. securities laws !!!!!! I find this practice to be contemptible, outrageous, disgusting, detestable, inexcusable, vile. How can it possibly be legal? We have no connection to this at all, and do not condone it in any way. We immediately are going to have our outside securities counsel look into this. docs.robinhood.com/rhj Stock Tokens are not registered under U.S. securities laws and may not be offered, sold, or delivered, directly or indirectly, in the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons. Offers and sales of Stock Tokens are subject to restrictions in other jurisdictions, including, without limitation, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. A full list of the jurisdictions in which offers or sales are restricted or prohibited is available here: docs.robinhood.com/rhj Robinhood Assets (Jersey) Limited is a private limited company incorporated in Jersey, with its registered address at First Floor, La Chasse Chambers, Ten La Chasse, St. Helier, JE2 4UE, Jersey. The Issuer is registered under the registration number 162428. Stock Tokens have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time (the "Securities Act") or with any securities regulatory authority of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States. Stock Tokens may not be offered, sold or delivered within the United States to, or for the account or benefit of U.S. Persons (as defined in Regulation S under the Securities Act ("Regulation S")), and (ii) may be offered, sold or otherwise delivered at any time only outside of the United States and to transferees that are not U.S. Persons (as defined in Regulation S)…. ©2026 Robinhood Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Joined @SquawkStreet this morning to talk Bullish Q2 earnings (revenue beat, guidance up), tokenized stock trading, and the crypto regulatory picture. Lots to cover, excited for where we’re going, interview below!
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Clarity Act prediction markets odds are lowest ever. Oddly, I am most optimistic I’ve been. I’m learning that the best way to access deepest prediction market liquidity to make a wager is to set up a VPN that fakes like I’m outside the USA and sign up for a no-KYC Int’l market. Is this right? Seems suss.
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There are many Reddit chains devoted to this. Is this how some these platforms are growing so fast? People just get on a VPN, say they are dialing in from East Timor or wherever and voila!
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I used to read the @wsj cover-to-cover every day. It has turned into a tabloid. A front page 14-year-old hit job with ZERO NAMED SOURCES. Sad. They’ve lost their journalistic compass.
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I’m not 100pct convinced that the Wall Street banks objections to stablecoin yield in the Clarity Act are entirely because they are worried about deposit flight at small, community banks
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Excellent piece by @sndr_krisztian about tokenization and a push to rein in synthetic token chaos
LATEST: An industry group for transfer agents is urging the SEC to favor issuer-sponsored tokenized shares over third-party stock tokens as it writes rules for moving U.S. equities onto blockchains. Read the full piece by @sndr_krisztian on CoinDesk
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Regulated infrastructure isn't the enemy of innovation. It's the prerequisite for scale. Last week bullish received GFSC approval to bring the benefits of tokenization to securities markets. End-to-end, regulated, global.
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My friend and partner Frank Baker making the case for blockchain's potential to bring underserved communities into the financial system. Recognizing @Sen_Alsobrooks for her leadership on the policy that can make it real.
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Me too. It is coming
VP of Onchain Finance at @AvaLabs @MorganKrupetsky is excited for when “Apple stock is just Apple stock.”
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It turns out these synthetic tokens were also not authentic shares of SpaceX. This is ridiculous. Just require that if for someone to say they are offering token shares, either they are actual shares issued as tokens by the issuers themselves or the knuckleheads issuing the tokens have filed with the SEC or comparable to offer a derivative. It’s not that hard.
If you're wondering what happened to Solana @PreStocks SpaceX, they got absolutely crushed and are now trading around ~$112 (after 5:1 split), implying a ~40% discount to the underlying shares. Turns out there's a 180-day lockup before preStocks can be converted into real shares (I suspect very few people were aware of this). So holders have two choices: dump into a thin-liquidity market at a steep discount today, or wait 180 days and convert at full value. Looks like many crypto degens are choosing the former. Interestingly, this issue doesn't exist (and couldn't exist) in the $SPCX perp market. Pre-IPO markets only make sense to trade via perps. Hyperliquid.
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In other synthetic token news, an exchange says they can’t get their synthetic token holders real exposure for a company going public on another exchange because, well, the synthetic tokens turned out to be not real shares. Or something like that. Maybe tokens should actually be approved by the issuer and therefore be the actual underlying share. Just a thought.
NEW: Crypto exchange Bybit says users will not receive SpaceX ($SPCX) IPO allocations after xStocks was unable to deliver the underlying shares.
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